The many pit itfalls of poly lysemy: gaps and bri ridges between - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The many pit itfalls of poly lysemy: gaps and bri ridges between the dif ifferent methodologies in in Cognitive Lin inguistics Daria Bębeniec Department of Cognitive Linguistics Maria Curie- Skłodowska University, Lublin Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 1

Paper outline & & motivation behind the title 1. Polysemy and introspective studies 2. Theory >> method? 3. Polysemy and usage-based approaches 4. Different method, the same problems? 5. Summary: “ gaps ” and “ bridges ” • “ Corpus-based methods and cognitive semantics: The many senses of to run ” Gries (2006) • “ The many uses of run : Corpus methods and Socio-Cognitive Semantics” Glynn (2014a) Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 2

Radial network of f over (Brugman and Lakoff 1988: : 493) • encyclopedic semantics 3.MX.RO 3.M.X.P.RO • prototype categorization: 3.P.E.RO 3.RO radial network 3.MX.P 3.MX representations • The Above-Across sense 3.P.E 3 (1) as the central sense of over : 2 1 The plane flew over. 1.X.C.E 2.1DTR 1.X.NC 1.X.C 1.VX.NC 1.VX.C 1.VX.C.E Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 3 1.V.NC 1.V.C

Radial network of f over (Brugman and Lakoff 1988: : 493) Problems : 3.MX.RO 3.M.X.P.RO • prototypicality of sense 3.P.E.RO 3.RO • distinctness and 3.MX.P interconnectedness of 3.MX senses 3.P.E 3 • subjectivity ( “ whose mind …?”) • mental representation 2 1 • Sandra and Rice (1995) 1.X.C.E 2.1DTR 1.X.NC 1.X.C • Tyler and Evans (2003) 1.VX.NC 1.VX.C 1.VX.C.E Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 4 1.V.NC 1.V.C

Cognitive linguistic theory ry (a (and implications for the method) • Usage-based model (Langacker 1988) • Emergent grammar (Hopper 1987) • Meaning is (dynamic, interactive, imagistic) conceptualization (Langacker 2008) • Lexicon-grammar continuum (Langacker 2008) • Prototype categorisation (Rosch 1975)

Cognitive linguistic theory ry (a (and implications for the method) • Usage-based model (Langacker 1988) • Emergent grammar (Hopper 1987) • Meaning is (dynamic, interactive, imagistic) conceptualization (Langacker 2008) • Lexicon-grammar continuum (Langacker 2008) • Prototype categorisation (Rosch 1975)

Cognitive linguistic theory ry (a (and implications for the method) • Usage-based model (Langacker 1988) • Emergent grammar (Hopper 1987) • Meaning is (dynamic, interactive, imagistic) conceptualization (Langacker 2008) • Lexicon-grammar continuum (Langacker 2008) • Prototype categorisation (Rosch 1975)

FORM (or phenomenon) UNDER STUDY INVESTIGATION the suffix – er Panther and Thornburg (2003) the preposition over Brugman (1981), Lakoff and Brugman (1988), Dewell (1994), Kreitzer (1997), Tyler and Evans (2001, 2003) the diminutive & the past tense Taylor (2003) tautological cxs Wierzbicka (1991) the ditransitive cx Goldberg (1995) vertical polysemy Koskela (2005) SAI cxs Goldberg (2006) Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 8

Cognitive linguistic theory ry (a (and implications for the method) • Usage-based model (Langacker 1988) • Emergent grammar (Hopper 1987) • Meaning is (dynamic, interactive, imagistic) conceptualization (Langacker 2008) • Lexicon-grammar continuum (Langacker 2008) • Prototype categorisation (Rosch 1975)

The semantic network of the od-do cx Bębeniec (2010: 222) Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 10

Redefining polysemy: : usage-based approaches Glynn (2014b): • “ (vague) polysemy ” (p. 18) • “ semasiological variation ” (p. 8) • “ functional-conceptual variation of any symbolic form” (p. 11) • “ entrenched functional-conceptual variation of a schematic or non- schematic form” (p. 14) Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 11

FORM / AUTHOR NUMBER OF FACTORS (ID-TAGS) STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES OCCURRENCES / CORPUS morphological : verb tense, aspect run (v) / Gries (2006) 815 / the ICE-GB and the Hierarchical and voice Brown Corpus agglomerative cluster syntactic : intransitive, transitive, analysis complex transitive verb form; main clause, subordinate clause semantic : subjects, objects and complements – human, animate, concrete countable, concrete mass, machines, abstract entities, organizations/institutions, locations, quantities, events, processes collocates senses run (v) / Glynn (2014a) 500 / the BNC, the ANC The same as in Gries Hierarchical and the LiveJournal (2006) agglomerative cluster Corpus PLUS analysis dialect : BrE, AmE Chi-squared tests register : conversation, Binary correspondence blog analysis Multiple correspondence analysis Logistic regression Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 12

Bębeniec and Cudna (In prep.) Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 13

Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 14

Back to the two central issues • prototypicality of sense >> relative frequency of occurrence (Gries 2006: 76, Glynn 2014a: 121-122), unmarkedness (Gries 2006: 76, Glynn 2014a: 135), conceptual/perceptual salience (Glynn 2014a: 121-122) • distinctness and interconnectedness of senses >> distributional similarities (Gries 2006: 78-81), not without problems, however: 1) distance matrices 2) type-token ratio 3) discrete senses rather than clusters of usage-features (Glynn 2014a: passim ) • New method, old problems? Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 15

“ Gaps ” and “ bridges ” • methods • theoretical commitment • theoretical commitment • research goals • problems • hypothesis testing (Glynn 2014b, 2014c) Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 16

FORM / AUTHOR NUMBER OF FACTORS (ID-TAGS) STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES OCCURRENCES / CORPUS TR dimensionality, over (prep) / Glynn 800 Multiple correspondence kinaesthesia, animacy, (2014c) analysis tactility, plexity Factor analysis TR LM orientation MCA again, all factors Path type, boundedness with senses LM expression, type, Hierarchical dimensionality agglomerative cluster analysis Loglinear analysis Multinomial logistic regression Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 17

A A note on application • lexicography • L2 acquisition • word sense disambiguation Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 18

THANK YOU! daria@hektor.umcs.lublin.pl Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 19

References (1 (1) • Bębeniec , D., 2010. Directional prepositions in Polish and English: towards a cognitive account . PhD dissertation, Maria Curie- Skłodowska University, Lublin. • Bębeniec , D. and M. Cudna, In prep. “Constructional variation from a semasiological perspective: a corpus-based approach. ” • Brugman, C., 1981. Story of OVER . MA thesis, University of California, Berkeley. • Brugman, C. and G. Lakoff, 1988. “Cognitive Topology and Lexical Networks,” in S. Small, G. Cottrell and M. Tanenhaus (eds.) Lexical Ambiguity Resolution: Perspective from Psycholinguistics, Neuropsychology and Artificial Intelligence , 477-508. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. • Dewell, R. B., 1994. “ Over again: Image-schema transformations in semantic analyses,” Cognitive Linguistics 5 (4): 351-380. • Glynn, D., 2014a. “The many uses of run : Corpus methods and Socio-Cognitive Semantics,” in D. Glynn and J. A. Robinson (eds.) Corpus Methods for Semantics . Quantitative studies in polysemy and synonymy , 117-144. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 20

References (2 (2) • Glynn, D., 2014b. “Polysemy and synonymy: Cognitive theory and corpus method,” in D. Glynn and J. A. Robinson (eds.) Corpus Methods for Semantics . Quantitative studies in polysemy and synonymy , 7-38. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. • Glynn, D., 2014c. “ Modelling meaning: A quantified and usage-based approach to the polysemy of Over . ” Paper presented at the conference Constructions and Cognition , Friedrich-Alexander- Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg , 30 Sept-2 Oct 2014. • Goldberg, A., 1995. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure . Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. • Goldberg, A., 2006. Constructions at Work . The Nature of Generalization in Language . Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Gries, S. Th., 2006. “Corpus -based methods and cognitive semantics: The many senses of to run ,” in S. Th. Gries and A. Stefanowitsch (eds.) Corpora in Cognitive Linguistics: Corpus-based Approaches to Syntax and Lexis , 57-99. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Young Linguists' Seminar, 16 April 2015 21