Who Receives Which Benefits ? The impact of intra-EU Mobility on National Welfare States Presentation for ESPAnet Conferences 2018: European: Vilnius (LT), 30 August • Italian: Florence (IT), 14 September • AKNOWLEDGMENT : The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730998, InGRID-2 – Integrating Research Infrastructure for European expertise on Inclusive Growth from data to policy Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 1 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
Outline I. Introduction II. Research Design, Data & Method III. Empirical Results IV. Limitations & Further Research Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 2 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
Introduction to the Topic After the EU Eastern Enlargements and 2008 economic crisis, national leaders campaigning against Freedom of Movement within the EU (Mikl-Leitner, Friedrich, Teeven and May, 2013) Possible explainations: 1. ACTORS: Populist and right-wing parties riding the wave of welfare chauvinism to scapegoat the EU citizens for wider issues (Ferrera 2017; Geddes and Hadj-Abdou, 2016; Collier, 2014) 2. INSTITUTIONS: National institutions attract different numbers and types of EU citizens, while offering them different opportunities (Ruhs and Palme, 2018; Afonso and Devitt, 2016) Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 3 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
Literature of Reference Economics of Migrations Instead of FISCAL IMPACT and ‘WELFARE MAGNET’ hypothesis , focus on the less explored stream concerning the USE OF WELFARE (Zimmerman et al. 2012; Medgyesi and Poloskei 2013) Different rates of receipt among EU Citizens VS Natives Comparative Welfare Studies Cross-country analyses on BENEFICIARIES are a novel research frontier, to be combined with SOCIAL RIGHTS and SOCIAL EXPENDITURE approaches (Van Oorschot 2013) Actual recipients of social benefits through Survey Data Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 4 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
The Research Questions and Hypotheses 1. Do the populations of European citizens vary across Member States according to their characteristics? HP1) EU citizens present substantially different demographic and socio-economic characteristics across countries; Descriptive analysis 2. Are EU citizens enjoying benefits in the same way of natives in the country of destination ? HP2) The use of welfare by European citizens is alternatively : Similar (same rate of receipt of natives) – Assimilation • Different (either higher or lower) – Segregation • Probit regressions Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 5 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
Case Selection and Data Selection of benefits : Unemployment and Family Benefits More likely to function as a magnet for migrants (Zimmerman et al., 2012) Presenting higher rates of receipts among migrants (Afonso and Devitt, 2016) Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) EU Statistics on Income and for Unemployment benefits (variable Living Conditions (EU-SILC) „Register‟ to avoid exported benefits) for Family benefits (variable „hy 050 g‟) Selection of countries : 5 Main Destinations Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 6 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
Innovations compared to Previous Literature Starting point: Replication and Updating of the study for the EU Commission by Márton Medgyesi and Péter Pölöskei • All EU Member States Focus on 5 main Destinations • All benefits 2 types of benefits: Unemployment & Family • Data EU-SILC wave 2010-2011 both LFS & SILC wave 2015 • Novelty EU Citizens split into: EU15 ‘Old’ Europe EU10 (2004 Enlargement) ‘New’ Europe EU3 (2007 and 2013) Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 7 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
Population in the Samples according to Origin MAIN LIMITATIONS: EU and non-EU are grouped for Germany, Poland and Romania All EU are in a single group in EU-SILC 8 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES
Employment Opportunities and Job Quality Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 9 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
EU Citizens Populations along Years of Residence Composition according to the group of EU origin: EU15 EU3 Inverted-U shape Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 10 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
Assimilation Process: the welfare use by EU citizens approaches the one of natives with Duration of Stay 11 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES
Prevailing Assimilation scenario: EU citizens have a use of welfare similar to natives 12
Descriptive analysis on the only case of Segregation emerged: 13 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES
Results and Conclusion HP1) The populations of EU citizens present substantially different characteristics across host Member States . They are more likely : Female, Highly Educated BUT not always younger ! (AT and HU) At higher Risk of Unemployment everywhere (compared to natives) X From ‘Old’ Europe in AT and DK, while ‘New’ Europe in HU and IT X Higher % of Professionals among EU15, lower among EU10 & EU3 X Waves of Arrival vary according to countries of Origin & Destination X HP2) The use of welfare by mobile European does not significantly differ from the one of natives across countries. Prevailing ASSIMILATION (or Process of) scenario Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 14 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
Limitations and Further Research Not enough evidence to connect in a single narrative (HP1) the European Citizens’ Profiles with (HP2) their Use of Welfare in each Country Limited data availability : Small Sample Size (especially among beneficiaries) • Anonymization Procedure (country of origin, years since arrival, age) • Further Research should explore: Migration trajectories (Specific combinations of origin & destination) Longitudinal Dynamics (Along years of residence; Pre & Post 2008 crisis) Role of National Institutions (Welfare regimes; Labour market features; etc.) Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 15 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
E-mail contact: mariagiulia.montanari@unimi.it
References (I) Afonso A. and Devitt C. (2016), Comparative Political Economy and International Migration , Oxford, Socio-Economic Review, Vol. 14 N. 3, pp. 591 – 613 Boeri T. (2009), Immigration to the Land of Redistribution , IZA Discussion Paper n. 4273, June 2009 Borjas, G.J. (1999), Immigration and welfare magnets , Journal of Labor Economics, 17(4), 607 – 637 Bruzelius C., Reinprecht C. and Seeleib-Kaiser M. (2017), Stratified Social Rights Limiting EU Citizenship , Journal of Common Market Studies Vol. 55 n. 6, pp. 1239-1253 Cameron D. (2013), Free movement within Europe needs to be less free. Vast migrations extract talent from countries that need their best people , article published on „Financial Times‟, 26th November 2013 Castro-Martin T. and Cortina C. (2015), Demographic Issues of Intra-European Migration: Destination, Family and Settlement , Springer Cattaneo C., Fiorio C. e Peri G. (2013), Immigration and careers of European workers: effects and the role of policies , IZA Journal of European Labour Studies Vol. 2:17 pp. 1-26 Chiswick B.R. and Liang Lee Y. (2005), A Longitudinal Analysis of Immigrant Occupational Mobility: A Test of the Immigrant Assimilation Hypothesis , Centre for Migration Studies of New York, IMR Vol. 39(2) pp. 332-353 Collier P. (2014), Immigration's 'dark side': a challenge for the left , Article published online on „Policy Network‟, 5 th December 2014 Dustmann C. and Frattini T. (2015), The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK, Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, Department of Economics, University College London, CDP n. 22 De Wispelaere F. and Pacolet J. (2015), Posting of Workers: The Impact of Social Security Coordination and Income Taxation Law on Welfare States , Working Paper HIVA center at KU Leuven, November 2015 Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ? 17 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI
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