The future's bright, the future's solar Photovoltaics for households, businesses and communities Dr. Christian N. Jardine Joju Solar St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Energy of Sunlight • Solar energy10,000 times global power demand • In the UK, 900-1300 kWh/ m 2 per year • Our summer days receive almost as much energy as the Mediterranean • Even on a cloudy day we receive 1/3 the energy of a clear day St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Orientation • Large hotspot of high light intensities • SE to SW and 20 to 50º receive 95% the energy of an optimally pitched roof • Flat arrays receive 90% insolation of optimally pitched array St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
What are Photovoltaics? • Photovoltaics are made out of materials called semiconductors • Semiconductors can absorb the energy of light to generate electric current • Photovoltaics are typically made out of silicon • Silicon is the second most abundant element on earth • Supplies of silicon are truly sustainable St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Why Photovoltaics? • No CO 2 emissions during operating lifetime • No moving parts • Secure supply of energy; distributed energy production • Suitable for use within an urban environment • Architecturally attractive product • Modular • Massive energy producing potential St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Photovoltaics for Businesses • Helps meet Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) targets – At negative cost, with feed-in tariff • Hedges against future electricity price rises – De-risks business • Provides diversity of income stream – Guaranteed payments provide baseline income • Boosts environmental credentials and ‘green image’ – Competitive advantage St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
System components • PV modules – to generate DC electricity • Inverter – to turn DC electricity in 240V AC electricity and match this to the phase of the grid – Implies no production if grid goes down for safety reasons • Isolation switches • String fuses and G57 relay for larger installations • Generation meter • Optional export meter St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Solar Generation • Solar PV is sold on the basis of its kW peak rating • A 1kW system will generate 860 kWh per year • Domestic – A typical sized 2 kW system will provide around 1700 kWh per year – An average home uses 3300 kWh on lights and appliances – But possible to use ½ this if you are energy efficient • Businesses – 50kW likely maximum, 43000 kWh per annum St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Modules • Modules can be simply roof mounted • Mounted on a frame that attaches to roof joists • Permitted development if <20cm from plane of roof St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Dr. Christian N. Jardine St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Large Scale Installation Process Video at http://www.jojusolar.co.uk/media/large-scale-solar-pv-installation.html St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Solar Roof Tiles • Simple to install • Can be installed by a conventional roofer St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Glass-glass Laminates • Semi-transparent PV laminates • Very attractive architectural material St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Solar PV Costs • Little to choose between suppliers • Prices reduced significantly this year • £3200/kW + £2000 +VAT(5%) • Large scale <£2400-2900/kW +VAT (20%) St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
PV Income Rewards for Rewards generation depending on use Used on site %? 13p/kWh Saving off bills Measured Feed-in tariff 43 p/kWh Cheque from Utility Exported Measured 3p/kWh Cheque from utility %? Estimated as 50% of generation St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
The Feed-in tariffs • Payments to be inflation adjusted – payments are protected and will increase over time • BUT – Future tariff levels to be decided by Government, and will reduce by at least 10% in April 2012 . St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Avoided Imports • Any electricity used on site gives an additional saving because you don’t have to pay for imported electricity anymore • Current market price 13p/kWh (10p commercial) • Likely to increase over time due to – Oil shortages increasing cost of electricity – Need to replace nuclear and much of our coal plant – Cost of meeting supply gap from renewables – Target of 40% electricity generation from renewables by 2020 St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Exported electricity • Feed-in tariff is reward for green electricity generation • Paid even if you use it yourself • Additional payment to reflect value of exported electricity • Additional 3p/kWh for exported electricity • Too small to meter – assumed to be 50% of generation St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Putting it all together • Payback depends on: • Size, orientation, local factors (shading) • Feed-in tariff band • Cost • Percentage of electricity used on site • Assumed rates of inflation and electricity price rise • Should see returns in excess of 9-12% per annum, domestic. • 12-17% at large scale. St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Size 12m 2 16m 2 24m 2 Typical returns System size 1.5 kW 2 kW 3 kW Our Price £6,800 £8,400 £11,600 Feed-in tariff £17,990 £23,980 £35,970 payments Avoided Imports £2,880 £3,830 £5,750 Export Payment £650 £870 £1,310 Total Benefits £21,510 £28,680 £43,000 Return on Investment 10.2% 11.1% 12.1% Payback 9.8 years 9.2 years 8.5 years £1,600 £1,400 Avoided £1,200 Imports £1,000 Income Exported £800 electricity £600 FiT Payment £400 £200 £- Time [1] Based on: feed-in tariff of 43.3p, inflation of 2.5% p.a., domestic electricity at 13p/kWh, electricity price rise of 4% pa. , 50% of electricity used on site. St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Commercial Project Returns £40,000 £35,000 £30,000 Exported electricity £25,000 £20,000 Avoided Imports £15,000 £10,000 £5,000 FiT Payment £- Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 • At £2700/kW, IRR of 15.2% (ex VAT) – Standard modules, difficult access • At £2400/kW, IRR of 17% (ex VAT) – Cheaper modules, simple roof access • Projects for 2012 still viable (est. 25% reduction in income) St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Community Solar • Benefits from building at scale • Opportunity to generate ongoing revenue streams for community projects • Highly visible means of engaging a wider audience with the low carbon agenda • Allows participation from – Those that can’t afford their own solar system – Those without favourable roofs – Those who rent – Supports those St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Community Investment Model • Project returns ca. 13% • Benefits split between – Host building free electricity (3%) – Investors (10%) – Some admin costs • E.g. Wey Valley Solar Schools • www.weyvalleysolar.co.uk • £1m share offer opens 16 th Sept 2011 St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Community Benefit Model • Project returns ca 13% • Benefits split between – Host building free electricity (3%) – Investors (4%) – Return to community group (6%) • E.g. Low Carbon West Oxford (>£1m project grants), Oxford North Community Renewables (£150k share offer) St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Joju Solar Community Offer • Our thank you, to celebrate our 5 th birthday • We are giving away a solar PV system of up to 4kW including installation • To community groups, charities • All benefits, FiT and electricity given away • Estimated worth £1400 per annum, inflation linked • What would you do with this income? • www.jojusolar.co.uk/birthday-giveaway St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
Thank you for you Attention!! www.jojusolar.co.uk 0207 695 1000 Official Solar Energy Partners of: St Hilda’s College, 24/9/11 Dr Christian N Jardine Low Energy Seminar
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