The Future of f Domestic Work in the GCC Marie Jose Tayah (IDWF) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Future of f Domestic Work in the GCC Marie Jose Tayah (IDWF) & Hadi Assaf (Consultant) Research commissioned by the Secretariat of the Abu Dhabi Dialogue among the Asian labour-sending and receiving countries Senior Officials ’ Meeting in Colombo, Sri Lanka on 8-9 May 2018

Global debate: Future of work, future of domestic work  Caring jobs require social interaction, empathy and judgment and therefore cannot be automated (World Bank 2018).  Demand for occupations like childcare, early-childhood education, cleaning, cooking, and gardening will grow, creating 50 million to 90 million jobs globally (McKinsey Global Institute 2017). Growing female labour force participation rates plus An ever expanding deficit in Growing share of people in Demographic health care workers. Deficit need of paid (professional transformations: longer life was 7.2 million in 2013. and non-professional) long- expectancy, lower fertility Expected to reach 12.9 term care. and a growing old age million by 2035 (WHO 2013) dependency ratio. Care site-shifting has lead to Out-patient care in private task-shifting : specialized homes, especially in the case nurses assume the role of of long-term and post- doctors. Domestic workers operative care. assume the role of unregulated nurses.

Research questions and scope Questions:  Where is the GCC from these global transformations?  What are implications for the management of human resources (DW)? Research aims to:  Examine the size and composition of the DW sector at national and GCC levels.  Examine the demand in the DW sector : determinants and structure.  Analyze the current state of affairs in employer-domestic worker matching (examples from Abu Dhabi and Dubai in the pre Tadbeer Center phase)  Reflect on human resource decisions concerning the domestic work sector in the countries of the GCC.

A. Domestic work is a significant sector of the GCC economy and growing

3.77 million domestic workers  In 2016, GCC countries hosted around 3.77 million domestic workers, 1.65 million of whom (or 44 per cent) were women.  Of the remaining 1.54 million men domestic workers, 73 percent were employed, mainly as drivers, in Saudi Arabia. (Figures in thousands) 2,303K 1,544 759 678K 346 332 306K Total 195K 219 174K 111K 148 108 87 67 66 48 44 Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE

Domestic workers as a percentage of migrant workers Women domestic workers as % of non-national female Men domestic workers as % of non-national male employment employment 82.8 Dubai 1.2 76.7 67.2 65.5 Qatar 3.9 61.9 Bahrain 4.9 45.9 33.4 Oman 10.9 Abu Dhabi 15.3 Saudi Arabia 15.6 Abu Saudi Kuwait Bahrain Oman Qatar Dubai Kuwait 18.0 Dhabi Arabia

35,970 new domestic workers every year  Annual growth rate in the number of domestic workers is 8.7 per cent (or 35,970 domestic workers).  If we exclude Saudi Arabia, the annual growth rate in the number of domestic workers is 8.2 per cent (or 11,400 domestic workers). 159K Annual increase 14.7K 13.7K 13.2K 11.1K 11.3 Annual growth % 13.3 2.2 10.8 8.8 4.2K 6.0 UAE Oman Saudi Kuwait Bahrain Qatar 2008-2016 2007-2016 2007-2017 2012-2017 2005-2017 2006-2016

B. Explaining the demand for domestic workers: Two trends.

Two explanations Demand among nationals Demand among expatriates  Increasing  A growing population of dual wage-earning care pressures on national households due to higher FLFPRs combined expatriate families with child care needs and with growing child and elderly care needs in a demand for professional housekeepers who national contexts where care is traditionally require little supervision. the responsibility of women in the family and where intergenerational households are being replaced by nuclear households .

B1. Explaining the demand for domestic workers: National Households

Familializing and de-familializing child and elderly care policies Famili liali lizing care polic olicies Tim ime rig rights: such as parental leave or care leave. (providing incentives for care Part rt-time work by the family) Long leaves (negative influence on reintegration into the labour market). Cash ben enefi fits: survivor ’ s pension or free membership of the spouse ’ s health insurance plan; parental leave benefits or care leave benefits. De De-famili liali lizing care polic olicies Day care: long and flexible opening hours, easy access to care (de-incentivizing care by the facilities (high supply and low costs), and a high quality of family) care provision. Res esid identia ial or or part rtiall lly res esid identia ial care faci cili litie ies for or th the eld elder erly. De Dense netw twork of of ambulatory care ser ervices for or th the eld elder erly: Source : Adapted from Leitner 2003.

GCC: Familializing or de-familializing?  The majority of child care policies are familializing, in the form of time rights, part- Sa Saudi pop opulati tion on (65 65 Year ars an and over) by by ag age grou oup an and th those who help lp th them in in th their dai aily ly needs, time work and long leaves. 2016 2016 / El Elde derly ly Sur urvey 2016 2016 - Sau audi Arab abia Gene neral Auth thority ty for or Statis isti tics Age Grou oups Assis istance Provid ider Nurse Nur Frie iends\Other Fam amily ily me member Tot otal  De-familializing child care policies are now rela latives effective in the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait 65 65 – 69 69 2,094 1,776 31,660 35,530 (in the form of workplace crèches) among 70 70 – 74 74 1,984 1,318 38,415 41,717 public sector employees. 75 75 – 79 79 4,859 618 29,588 35,065 80 80+ 10,328 2,484 62,849 75,661 Tot otal 19,265 6,196 162,512 187,973  Dense network of ambulatory elderly care services in Bahrain, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the UAE, but only where no relatives exist.

Female labour force participation rates among nationals are growing Abu Dhabi Saudi Arabia 34.9 18.3 33.8 31.6 29.9 28.5 12.9 12.6 10.1 10.1 17.6 2008 2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990 2000 2006 2010 2016 Kuwait Bahrain 39.3 30.4 37.6 29.0 32.0 26.2 20.0 14.0 2003 2008 2014 2015 1991 2001 2010 2017 Qatar Oman 36.9 36.1 35.0 34.6 34.7 25.3 31.5 27.4 18.7 6.7 2001 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1993 2003 2010

High and growing life expectancy and high and declining fertility Fertility Rate 5 SSA 4.5 Africa Oman 4 Abu Dhabi Arab region Kuwait 3.5 Dubai Saudi Arabia 3 Qatar North Africa Bahrain World 2.5 Western Asia Southern Asia North America LAC Middle-income countries 2 Europe Asia SEA 1.5 High-Income Upper-middle-income East Asia 1 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 Life Expectancy

Life expectancy and fertility by country Saudi nationals Bahraini nationals Fertility rate Life expectancy Fertility rate Life expectancy 6.0 77 Life Expectancy Fertility Life Expectancy Fertility 3.4 78 5.5 75 3.2 5.5 77 75 3.2 77 5.0 76 3.0 73 4.5 75 2.8 4.0 71 74 2.7 2.6 69 73 3.5 69 2.9 2.4 73 72 3.0 2.2 67 71 2.5 2.0 70 2.0 65 2000 2003 2007 2010 2012 2016 1990 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Qatari nationals Omani nationals 4.5 82 6.5 6.0 4.2 Life Expectancy Fertility 79 Life Expectancy Fertility 6.0 81 77 81 4.0 77 5.5 80 5.0 75 3.5 79 4.5 73 3.0 4.0 71 4.0 78 3.0 71 3.5 77 69 3.0 2.5 76 76 67 2.5 2.0 75 2.0 65 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Life expectancy and fertility by country (cont ’ d) Abu Dhabi nationals Dubai nationals Life Expectancy Fertility Fertility rate Life expectancy Fertility rate Life expectancy Life Expectancy Fertility 3.8 4.0 80 4.0 82 3.7 3.5 80 78 3.5 3.5 3.2 80 78 76 3.0 76 3.0 74 76 77 77 74 2.5 2.5 72 72 2.0 70 2.0 70 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Kuwaiti nationals Life Expectancy Fertility 5.5 5.3 82 5.0 80 79 4.5 78 4.0 3.6 76 3.5 74 3.0 74 72 2.5 2.0 70 1995 2000 2005 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016

Children constitute 34 per cent of the total national population  Despite declining over time, the share of children among national population is high. Children (ages 0-14) – those who are in need of quality care – constitute 34 per cent of the total national population.

B2. Explaining the demand for domestic workers: Expatriates ’ Households

Total population has increased by 51 per cent (4.2 per cent annually)  Over the past decade, the total population of the GCC countries has increased by 51 per cent (by 18 million) or by 4.2 per cent annually.  On average, the national GCC population increased by 2.7 per cent annually.