The First History of the 2008 US Presidential Campaign Modeling - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The First History of the 2008 US Presidential Campaign Modeling and Measuring Election Discourse Karl Grossner, PhD Candidate UC Santa Barbara Department of Geography 1

Geography and History • Geography and history are different ways of looking at the world, but they are so closely related that neither one can afford to ignore or even neglect the other. (Baker, 2003 p.2) • Many more historical geographers than ‘geographical historians’ but there is a ‘ spatial turn ’ under way. • HGIS is a growing field, as is ‘digital humanities’ Baker, A.R. (2003). Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Towards a digital historical atlas 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag

Modeling and Measuring Modeling Measuring • Representing complex social • Variation in “issue aboutness” events in databases, to of election discourse support – By region – Discovery – By individual – Analysis – By party – Reasoning – By media type – Mapping – Other visualizations • For historical scholarship and education – Digital historical atlases 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag 5

IssueBrowser An Interactive Search Environment for Domain-Specific Knowledge Acquisition via Multimedia Data Karl Grossner, Geography Jonathan Ventura, Computer Science Ben Adams, Computer Science Angus Forbes, Media Arts & Technology Monica Bulger, Education 6 Swapna Joshi, Elec & Computer Engineering

Graph Spatialization (2) 7

MODELING Representing temporality in GIS (a radically oversimplified distinction) CA COUNTI ES CA COUNTI ES name shape (polygon) t1 t2 0101000020E6100000F2B5679604F05D Alameda 1867 1909 00000F2B56796DC0E3620E6100001000 Alameda 1910 2008 name year totalPop <5 (%) <18(%) female(%) Alameda 1900 130,197 4.8 21.1 46.3 Alameda 1910 246,131 5.9 27.3 50.9 EVENTS EVENTS name shape (polyline) t1 t2 0101000020E6100000F2B5679604205 Napoleon’s Russian 1812-06-23 1812-09-14 campaign - advance B56796042001010000F257C0E36BCF2 Napoleon’s Russian 1812-10-19 1812-12-20 campaign - retreat 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag

MODELING Napoleon’s Campaigns – In Fact Armies Corps (#’s, nationalities) Generals Events Campaigns Battles (date, locs, outcomes) Fire River crossings Marches Flow (duration, #’s) States/conditions Bivouac Weather Temperature 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag 9

MODELING Primitives of geographic knowledge Golledge (1995) needed: semantic reference system cf. Kuhn, Raubal, Janowicz et al identity identity magnitude (measure) occurrence location time (temporality) name shape (polyline) t1 t2 name 0101000020E6100000F2B5679604205 year totalPop <5 (%) <18(%) female(%) Napoleon’s Russian 1812-06-23 1812-09-14 Golledge, R. G. (1995). Primitives of Spatial Knowledge . campaign - advance Alameda In Nyerges, et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Cognitive 1900 130,197 4.8 21.1 46.3 Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction for Geographic Information Systems, Palma de Mallorca, B56796042001010000F257C0E36BCF2 Napoleon’s Russian 1812-10-19 1812-12-20 Alameda Spain, March 20-25. Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1910 246,131 5.9 27.3 50.9 campaign - retreat 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag

MODELING s t r u c t u r e t i m e Eve nt i d e n t i t y c a u s a l i t y l o c a t i o n m a g n i t u d e Westermann, U., and Jain, R. (2007). Toward a Common Event Model for Multimedia Applications . IEEE Multimedia , 14 (1), 19-29.

MODELING To describe an event… 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag

MODELING Ultimately modeling processes  Process (series of related events/activities)  beginning, formation, development, emergence  ending, collapse, destruction, disintegration  recovery  transition, change (of attributes, of identity), reshaping  expansion, growth (spatial or not)  contraction, diminishment  dispersal (abandon)  diffusion (spread from)  ascendency (of power, importance), rise, resurgence 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag

Spatial Extents of Election 2008 (partial) speeches # Democrat # Republican other appearances Democrat Republican debates ! Democratic Debate ! Republican Debate 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag 15

Temporal Components of Election 2008 (partial) 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag 16

MODELING RDF/OWL Classes Properties (relations)  Actor isMemberOf/hasMember •  Person • isCreationOf/hasCreated  Group • hadParticipant/participatedIn  Information object • hasPart/isPartOf  linguistic object • tookPlaceAt/witnessed  speech text  news report <subject,predicate,object>  blog entry <Obama, isMemberOf ,DemocraticParty>  Temporal entity <DemConvention, hasPart ,nomination  Event tookPlaceAt ,Denver.CO.US>  political activity  fundraiser tookPlaceAt  Place domain: Event range: Place  administrative division (adm1)  populated place (ppl*) history demands: attestedBy; assertedBy 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag

MODELING CIDOC-CRM 85 class declarations 148 property declarations CRM Entity E1 Property Name Entity – Domain Entity - Range Temporal Entity - E2 - - Condition State P1 is identified by (identifies) E1 CRM Entity E41 Appellation E3 - - Period P2 has type (is type of) E1 CRM Entity E55 Type E4 - - - Event P3 has note E1 CRM Entity E62 String E5 - - - - Activity P4 has time-span (is time-span of) E2 Temporal Entity E52 Time-Span E7 - - - - Beginning of Existence P5 consists of (forms part of) E3 Condition State E3 Condition State E63 - - - - - Birth P7 took place at (witnessed) E4 Period E53 Place E67 - - - - - Transformation P8 took place on or within (witnessed) E4 Period E19 Physical Object E81 - - - - - Creation P9 consists of (forms part of) E4 Period E4 Period E65 - - - - - Formation P10 falls within (contains) E4 Period E4 Period E66 - - - - End of Existence P12 occurred in the presence of E5 Event E77 Persistent Item E64 Persistent Item - P11 - had participant E5 Event E39 Actor E77 - - Thing P16 - used specific object E7 Activity E70 Thing E70 - - - Legal Object P25 - moved E9 Move E19 Physical Object E72 - - - Man-Made Thing P31 - has modified E11 Modification E24 Physical Man-Made E71 - - - - Physical Man-Made Thing Thing E24 - - - - - Man-Made Object P33 - used specific technique E7 Activity E29 Design or E22 - - - - - Man-Made Feature Procedure E25 - - - - - Collection P92 - brought into existence E63 Beginning of E77 Persistent Item E78 - - - - Conceptual Object Existence E28 - - - - - Information Object P93 - took out of existence E64 End of E77 Persistent Item E73 - - - - - - Design or Procedure Existence E29 - - - - - - Document P15 was influenced by (influenced) E7 Activity E1 CRM Entity E31 - - - - - - Linguistic Object P19 was intended use of (was made for) E7 Activity E71 Man-Made Thing E33 - - - - - - Visual Item P20 had specific purpose E7 Activity E7 Activity E36 - - - - - Type P32 used general technique E7 Activity E55 Type E55 Actor - - P43 has dimension (is dimension of) E70 Thing E54 Dimension E39 - - - Group P44 has condition (condition of) E18 Physical Thing E3 E74 - - - Person P45 consists of (is incorporated in) E18 Physical Thing E57 Material E21 - - Appellation P46 is composed of (forms part of) E18 Physical Thing E18 Physical Thing E41 - - - Identifier E42 - - - Place Appellation E44 - - - Time Appellation E49 - - - Conceptual Object Appellation E75 - - - Actor Appellation E82

MODELING an ontology of CIDOC-CRM cultural heritage information CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (ISO 21127:2006); Doerr, Crofts, Gill, Stead, Stiff 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag

MODELING CIDOC-CRM • Rudimentary reasoning: – sub-classes and sub-properties ( isA inheritance) – property holds for domain with valid values in range – inverse and symmetric properties – cardinality constraints Property Name Entity – Domain Entity - Range P1 is identified by (identifies) E1 CRM Entity E41 Appellation P2 has type (is type of) E1 CRM Entity E55 Type P11 had participant E5 Event E39 Actor P15 was influenced by (influenced) E7 Activity E1 CRM Entity P20 had specific purpose E7 Activity E7 Activity P127 has broader term (has narrower E55 Type E55 Type term) 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag

MODELING US Election 2008 • Ontology developed in RDF/OWL using Protégé • On a CIDOC-CRM scaffold – some problems, e.g. activity vs. action; overly complex time constructs • Instantiated in a RDBMS (PostgreSQL) – a model isn’t useful if not used: compatible with GIS – dissimilar logics: relational algebra vs. description logic – numerous RDBMS tools: procedural languages; 3 rd -party functions (spatial, tsearch, recursion); custom data types (e.g. temporal) 25 November 2008 spatial@ucsb brown bag

MODELING A more general model