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Francesca Calore The Fermi GeV excess: characterisation and interpretations ETDM2015, Mainz 26th March 2015 Based on: F. Calore, I. Cholis & C. Weniger, arXiv:1409.0042 F. Calore, I. Cholis, C. McCabe & C. Weniger, arXiv:1411.4647

  1. Francesca Calore The Fermi GeV excess: characterisation and interpretations ETDM2015, Mainz 26th March 2015 Based on: F. Calore, I. Cholis & C. Weniger, arXiv:1409.0042 F. Calore, I. Cholis, C. McCabe & C. Weniger, arXiv:1411.4647 F. Calore, I. Cholis, C. Evoli, D. Hooper, T. Linden & C. Weniger, In prep. �

  2. Outline 1. Dark matter & the gamma-ray sky 2. The GeV excess characterisation: spectral and morphological properties 3. The GeV excess interpretations: not only dark matter… Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 1

  3. Gamma rays from the sky Ground- and space-based telescopes represent γ interplaying and complementary instruments. Fermi-LAT HESS AGILE MAGIC AMS-02 VERITAS Gamma-400 CTA … … Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 2

  4. Gamma rays from the sky DM Gamma rays are produced also by DM annihilation in the halo of ?? our Galaxy and in external DM galaxies. γ Indirect searches for DM annihilation or decay products in gamma rays and charged cosmic rays. Other complementary probes: Direct detection Collider searches searches Weakly Interacting Massive � Particles Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 3

  5. Gamma rays from our Galaxy … the standard picture of cosmic-ray interactions in the Milky Way Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 4

  6. Gamma rays from our Galaxy CR sources CR sources *not in scale Adapted from C. Weniger Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 5

  7. Gamma rays from our Galaxy CR sources CR sources *not in scale Adapted from C. Weniger Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 5

  8. Gamma rays from our Galaxy CR sources CR sources disk bulge *not in scale Adapted from C. Weniger Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 6

  9. Gamma rays from our Galaxy atomic hydrogen CR sources CR sources disk bulge molecular hydrogen *not in scale Adapted from C. Weniger Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 6

  10. Gamma rays from our Galaxy ISRF CR sources CR sources disk bulge *not in scale Adapted from C. Weniger Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 7

  11. Gamma rays from our Galaxy ISRF CR sources CR sources disk bulge *not in scale Adapted from C. Weniger Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 7

  12. Gamma rays from our Galaxy ISRF CR sources CR sources disk bulge *not in scale Adapted from C. Weniger Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 8

  13. Gamma rays from our Galaxy ISRF CR sources CR sources disk bulge CR protons*ISM CR electrons*ISM CR electrons*ISRF + + Inverse Compton Pion Decay Bremsstrahlung *not in scale Adapted from C. Weniger Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 8

  14. Gamma rays from our Galaxy ISRF CR sources CR sources disk bulge CR protons*ISM CR electrons*ISM CR electrons*ISRF + + Inverse Compton Pion Decay Bremsstrahlung *not in scale Galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission Adapted from C. Weniger Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 8

  15. Gamma rays from our Galaxy Fermi all-sky gamma-ray map ISRF CR sources CR sources disk bulge CR protons*ISM CR electrons*ISM CR electrons*ISRF + + Inverse Compton Pion Decay Bremsstrahlung Galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 9

  16. Gamma rays from our Galaxy Detected point-like sources ISRF CR sources CR sources disk bulge LAT 2-year Point Source Catalog @ http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/2yr_catalog/ Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 10

  17. Gamma rays from our Galaxy Fermi bubbles *not in scale ISRF CR sources CR sources disk bulge Su, Slatyer & Finkbeiner 2010; Fermi-LAT Coll., arXiv:1407.7905 Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 11

  18. Gamma rays from our Galaxy Fermi bubbles *not in scale ISRF CR sources CR sources disk bulge Su, Slatyer & Finkbeiner 2010; Fermi-LAT Coll., arXiv:1407.7905 Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 11

  19. The Fermi-LAT gamma-ray sky Detected sources Residual emission? { Galactic diffuse emission Foregrounds subtraction from raw Fermi-LAT data Fermi bubbles Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 12

  20. The Fermi-LAT gamma-ray sky Detected sources { Galactic diffuse emission Foregrounds subtraction from raw Fermi-LAT data Fermi bubbles Residual emission? Astrophysical diffuse processes? Unresolved sources? Dark Matter? Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 12

  21. First hints of a GeV excess Goodenough & Hooper 2009 Vitale & Morselli, for the Fermi-LAT Collab. 2009 Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 13

  22. The “Galactic center” GeV excess Data Claims for an extended emission of gamma rays at the Galactic center , in the inner few degrees. Hooper & Linden 2011; Hooper & Goodenough 2011; Boyarsky+ 2011; Abazajian & Kaplinghat 2012; Gordon & Macias 2013; Macias & Gordon 2014; Abazajian+ 2014; Daylan+ 2014 Subtraction of point sources and diffuse emission Derived spectrum Hooper & Linden 2011 Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 14

  23. The “Inner Galaxy” GeV excess Claims for an extended emission of gamma rays in the “ Inner Galaxy ”, extension up to tens of degrees. � • Latitude variation of the Fermi bubbles spectrum. • Possible extended counterpart (up to 2-3 kpc) of the Galactic Center excess. • Non-Inverse Compton origin. • Compatible with the signal from DM annihilation into tau+tau- for a DM mass of about 10 GeV. DMDM → τ + τ − → γ Hooper & Slatyer 2013 Follow-up studies: Huang+ 2013, Zhou+ 2014, Daylan+ 2014, Calore+ 2014 Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 15

  24. The Fermi GeV excess today: a summary ( r/r s ) − γ ρ ( r ) = ρ s (1 + r/r s ) 3 − γ HI/H2 10 � 4 Hooper&Goodenough 2010 Calore+ 2014 Boyarsky+ 2010 Fermi coll. (preliminary) GeV excess emission Hooper&Slatyer 2013 contracted NFW γ = 1 . 26 at E = 2 GeV Gordon+ 2013 Fermi Bubbles (extrapolated) dN/dE [1 / cm 2 sr s GeV] 10 � 5 Abazajian+ 2014 HI + H2 (at z < 0 . 2 kpc) Daylan+ 2014 10 � 6 Fermi bubbles 10 � 7 0 5 10 15 20 Galactic latitude | b | [deg], at ` = 0 � Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 16

  25. The Fermi GeV excess today: a summary ( r/r s ) − γ ρ ( r ) = ρ s (1 + r/r s ) 3 − γ HI/H2 10 � 4 Hooper&Goodenough 2010 Calore+ 2014 Boyarsky+ 2010 Fermi coll. (preliminary) GeV excess emission Hooper&Slatyer 2013 contracted NFW γ = 1 . 26 at E = 2 GeV Gordon+ 2013 Fermi Bubbles (extrapolated) dN/dE [1 / cm 2 sr s GeV] 10 � 5 Abazajian+ 2014 HI + H2 (at z < 0 . 2 kpc) Daylan+ 2014 10 � 6 Fermi bubbles 10 � 7 0 5 10 15 20 Galactic latitude | b | [deg], at ` = 0 � Galactic center analyses Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 16

  26. The Fermi GeV excess today: a summary ( r/r s ) − γ ρ ( r ) = ρ s (1 + r/r s ) 3 − γ HI/H2 10 � 4 Hooper&Goodenough 2010 Calore+ 2014 Boyarsky+ 2010 Fermi coll. (preliminary) GeV excess emission Hooper&Slatyer 2013 contracted NFW γ = 1 . 26 at E = 2 GeV Gordon+ 2013 Fermi Bubbles (extrapolated) dN/dE [1 / cm 2 sr s GeV] 10 � 5 Abazajian+ 2014 HI + H2 (at z < 0 . 2 kpc) Daylan+ 2014 10 � 6 Fermi bubbles 10 � 7 0 5 10 15 20 Galactic latitude | b | [deg], at ` = 0 � Galactic center “Inner” Galaxy analyses analyses Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 16

  27. The Fermi GeV excess today: a summary ( r/r s ) − γ ρ ( r ) = ρ s (1 + r/r s ) 3 − γ HI/H2 10 � 4 Hooper&Goodenough 2010 Calore+ 2014 Boyarsky+ 2010 Fermi coll. (preliminary) GeV excess emission Hooper&Slatyer 2013 contracted NFW γ = 1 . 26 at E = 2 GeV Gordon+ 2013 Fermi Bubbles (extrapolated) dN/dE [1 / cm 2 sr s GeV] 10 � 5 Abazajian+ 2014 HI + H2 (at z < 0 . 2 kpc) Daylan+ 2014 10 � 6 Fermi bubbles 10 � 7 0 5 10 15 20 Galactic latitude | b | [deg], at ` = 0 � Galactic center “Inner” Galaxy analyses analyses Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 16

  28. An excess above what? The excess emission is defined above the astrophysical foregrounds and backgrounds , namely the Galactic diffuse emission, point sources and extended sources, modelled in the data analysis. Most previous analyses : Galactic diffuse emission models from the Fermi Collab. with caveats! Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 17

  29. An excess above what? The excess emission is defined above the astrophysical foregrounds and backgrounds , namely the Galactic diffuse emission, point sources and extended sources, modelled in the data analysis. This work : large set of Galactic diffuse emission models from GALPROP runs Calore, Cholis & Weniger, arXiv:1409:0042 Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 18

  30. An excess above what? The excess emission is defined above the astrophysical foregrounds and backgrounds , namely the Galactic diffuse emission, point sources and extended sources, modelled in the data analysis. This work : large set of Galactic diffuse emission models from GALPROP runs Calore, Cholis & Weniger, arXiv:1409:0042 Francesca Calore - University of Amsterdam ETDM2015 18

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