The End of World War I The Aftermath • Defeat • Peace ? • Occupation • The World at Large 1
Allied offensive pushes German forces back toward Germany (October 1918) • German leaders begin to seriously look at Wilson’s 14 points • German political leadership moves to make Germany a Constitutional Monarchy (like England) Begins with the Navy Germany navy revolts in Kiel and on 4 November seizes control of ships 2
Last Allied soldier to Die in World War I Private Henry Gunther 3
Kaiser Wilhelm loses the support of the German military and political leaders. Kaiser is at that time at his headquarters in Spa, Belgium Revolt begins in Berlin 10 November 1918 – Kaiser flees to Holland (neutral) Safe Haven No War Crimes Trials! Buys Estate at Doorn, NL Never Leaves Holland! 4
With his son and Kaiser Wilhelm II grandson (Crown Prince) Dies 4 June 1941 5
Diplomats begin and finalize negotiations with Germany for an Armistice Meet in the glade of Compiegne in Marshall Foch’s railway car Glade of Compiegne 6
Glade of Compiegne 4 1 3 2 German Delegation: Matthias Erzberger (1) (Assassinated 1921) Admiral Vanselow (2) Count von Oberndorff (3) General von Winterfeldt (4)
The “Big Four” 28 June 1919 Germans head back to Germany followed by the Allies who take up positions of occupation throughout Germany (Rhineland) on the West bank of the Rhine River. Paris Peace Conference: Meet in the Palace of Versailles outside Paris Russia is not invited as they do not recognize the Bolshevik government The “Big Four” Note the Irony of the Date! • Lloyd George – Prime Minister of England • Woodrow Wilson – President of the United States • Georges Clemenceau – President of France (wanted very harsh terms) • Vittorio Orlando – President of Italy (withdraws then returns) 8
Notice the diversity of the German delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference 9
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points! Check the textbook 10
Paragraph 231 – “War Guilt Clause” • Germans balk, but finally sign the treaty 11
Germany expects Wilson’s 14 points to be used – it is not completely Germany looses overseas territory and parts of nation Danzig / Polish Corridor Majority of German people feel “betrayed” Austria-Hungary broken up United States never signs the Treaty of Versailles! • (1926 separate agreements reached) Hall of Mirrors, Versailles 12
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League of Nations established (Geneva, Switzerland) Can only use economic sanctions, not military force US never joins – Soviet Union (1934-39) Wilson and Republicans disagree Landscape of the “Old Empires” altered – Ottoman Empire Treaty demands very heavy reparations England realizes Germany can never pay it British Treasury Representative at Versailles (John Maynard Keynes) End result – No country is satisfied with results of the Treaty of Versailles America retreats across the ocean – Roaring twenties begins The rest of world and Europe is left to pick up the pieces Headquarters League of Nations Geneva, Switzerland 14
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A Closer Look at the Japanese will get from Versailles. Mariana Island’s Caroline Island’s Marshall Island’s Bismarck Archipelago Do the island names sound familiar? 18
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The Aftermath The Russian Civil War – Councils of Workers = = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) England, France, United States, Japan occupy parts of Russia Protect Allied supplies given to the Russian (pre-revolt) Government End up fighting against the “Reds” and at times even the “Whites” 20
New Germany = Weimar Republic Left and Right wing groups develop in both Italy and Germany Revolts Spread throughout the Country -- 1918 - 1923 Berlin under Communist control for nearly six months! Munich under Communist control for only one week! 21
Weimar Republic Government = Parliamentary Representative Democracy Leader: Friedrich Ebert (Social Democrat – SPD) February 1919 – February 1925 ( Appendicitis) Succeeded by Paul Von Hindenburg February 1925 – June 1934 ( Natural Death) Ω Faced with numerous problems Ω Hyperinflation Ω Extremist groups Rise of Nazi’s = Hitler 22
Freikorps Restore Order Para-military groups under a specific leader Lack national coordination Supported in part by various city and state governments But Then? 23
German Inflation of the Early 1920’s 24
One loaf of bread 1 March 1920 = 1 Mark One loaf of bread 7 July 1922 = 500 Marks One loaf of bread 1 December 1920 = 2 Marks 25
One loaf of bread One loaf of bread 15 September 1922 = 1,000 Marks 2 December 1922 = 5,000 Marks One loaf of bread 20 February 1923 = 20,000 Marks 26
One loaf of bread 25 July 1923 = 100,000 Marks One loaf of bread 22 August 1923 = 100,000,000 Marks 27
What did the Germans do with the Hyperinflation Currency? Building Blocks (Early Legos?) Wall Paper your House to Keep Warm! Heat your Home Go Fly a Kite! 28
Mailing a Letter in Germany – Late 1923 RM 5,510,000,100 (Five Billion, Five Hundred and Ten Million, One Hundred Marks) Front Back 29
Coupon Bonds issued by German State and City Governments prior to / immediately after WWI in order to pay the war debts and reparations of the War Last coupon paid was 125 Marks on 30 June 1922 30
Last coupon paid was 40 Marks on 1 August 1922 31
Last coupon paid was 20 Marks on 1 July 1922 32
Last coupon bond payments were made in between June – August 1922 After that rampant inflation took off rendering the value of these bonds (money already paid) worthless due to the loss of value!!!! Could this happen today? 33
“ Stabbed in the Back ” – Anti-Semitism Begins! German Currency Reform - August 1924 New Reichmark replaced the old German (“Empire”) Marks and the substitute “Rentenmark” Some stability – many Germans were “wiped out” and left destitute All of this will eventually lead to ? The Great Depression October 1929! AND? 34
Rise of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP = “NAZI”) • Munich – Adolf Hitler – Former Reichswehr NCO • November 1923 – Munich Beer Hall Putsch The Conspirators; November 1923 (to be co continued inued in co course se 271!) 1!) 35
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