“The en envi vironme onmenta ntal l im impa pact ct of of sett se ttli ling ng ref efug ugee ees s in in r ref efug ugee ee ho host stin ing g ar area eas s in in Ug Ugan anda da ” Septembe ember r 20 20 th th , , 2018 Kampa pala la, Uganda nda
Study Objectives • To assess the impact of settling refugees and their energy use on the environment with emphasis on forests and vegetation cover in the surrounding; • To assess the impact of environmental changes and their energy use on the livelihoods and well-being of refugees and host communities (men, women & children); • To prospectively examine existing and potential mitigation measures against the misuses of energy conservation and the continued deforestation and vegetation loss. Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Ov Over ervie view w of of St Stud udy y Area ea
Study Demographics 5,392 study respondents 13 settlements 67% refugees : 33% host 49% male : 51% female Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Study Demographics Majority, 46.9% female headed households Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Sa Satellite tellite ma mapping ping
Findings Kyangwali 35 2006 30 2010 25 2014 20 2018 % 15 10 5 0 Commercial Grassland Open water Settlement Small scale Tropical Wetland Woodland farming farming High Forest- Well Stocked Land use/cover types 0.600 Key issues and implications 0.400 - Reductions in natural cover 2006, 2010, 2014 0.200 NDVI values - Increase in land use activities ( settlements, hunting 2018 0.000 and farming activities) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2014 -0.200 2010 - Influx of refugees (Burundi, DRC, Rwanda etc) 2006 -0.400 - Increased pressure on land resources -0.600 - Loss and degradation of natural cover - Increase on the districts food security -0.800 No. of observations - Development (social, economic) – Win-win situation Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Findings Rwamwanja and Kyaka II 50 45 40 35 30 % 25 2006 20 2010 15 2014 10 2018 5 0 Settlements Bushland Grassland Open water Small scale Tropical High Tropical High Wetland Woodland farming Forest Forest Well degraded Stocked 0.600 Land use/cover types 0.500 Key issues and implications 0.400 - Reductions in natural cover (bushlands, wetland, 0.300 grasslands) NDVI values 0.200 2018 - Increase in land use activities ( settlements, farming 2014 0.100 activities) 2010 0.000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 - Influx of refugees, demand for firewood, land 2006 -0.100 - Increased pressure on land resources -0.200 -0.300 -0.400 No. of observations Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Climate Change Shocks in last 5 years Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Conclusion on Perceptions The dwellers of the refugee Settlement areas do confirm experiencing climate change They experience climate changes in various ways among which include, prolonged dry spells, droughts, erratic rains, strong winds, increased air temperatures The dwellers experience scarcity of wood fuel There are various ways they experience the scarcity of wood fuel. These include walking longer distance to gather firewood, skipping cooking meals, using other resources to cook. Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
En Ener ergy gy Us Use Li Livelihoods elihoods
Paid labour 1% Others 17% 16% Employment-self employed 11% 3% Institutional employment 1% 3% Remittance from family members 2% Humanitarian organisation 1% 34% remittances 1% Gifts/begging 5% 74% Farming 30% 1% Pension or government allowances 0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Hosts Refugees Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Fuel consumption per settlement Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Fuel Use A random one day survey of about 82 households in the settlements of Bidi Bidi & Adjumani revealed the following: • Estimated average firewood consumption: 2 kgs/person/day • Firewood consumption ranged from 0.8 – 4 kgs/person/day • A bundle of wood (6-7 pieces) costs UGX 500 • Estimated average charcoal consumption: 0.2kgs/person/day • In most households, charcoal is used as an alternate fuel Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Change in distance 62% reported that the distance walked to collect firewood had increased over the last one year. 59% of the respondents reported the cause being unavailability of firewood in the old place. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 88% 88% 40% 46% 56% 61% 75% 54% 68% 58% 61% 49% 60% 30% 36% 20% 10% 0% Nakivale Oruchinga Kyaka II Kyangwali Rwamwanja Kiryandongo Rhino camp Adjumani Lobule Palorinya Palabek Bidibidi Imvepi South West West Nile Increased Decreased Remained the same No change mentioned Not applicable Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Fuel coping mechanisms Due to the scarcity of fuel for cooking many of the respondents resort to various mechanisms • 51% skip meals, • 19% change the diet to greens, porridge • 18% find other means of survival either by looking for it from far places selling food or another item to begging from the neighbours • 8% undercooking the food • 5% cooked with their neighbours Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Challenges faced using firewood 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Nakivale Oruchinga Kyaka II Kyagwali Rwamwanja Kiryandongo Rhino camp Adjumani Lobule Palorinya Palabek Bidibidi Imvepi South West West Nile Smoke Long distance Threats from the host Health issues No challenge Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Health challenges related to fuel Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Health challenges related to fuel Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Stove Technologies Used Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Stove used Refugees Vs Hosts 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 64% 57% 20% 0% Refugees Hosts Unimproved cook stoves Improved cook stoves Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Common stoves used Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Recommenda ecommendations tions
Proposed interventions • Stove for work principle • Tree growing and wood lot planting • Alternative fuels • Market led solutions such as PAYG, micro enterprise offer a stronger basis for energy sustainability. • Involving both men and women in the design process. Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Promotion of energy efficient cook stoves • Lorena stove: adoption rate and feedback are positive Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
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