This project is funded by the European Commission, Research Directorate General as part of the 7th Framework Programme, Theme 8: Socio-Economic Sciences and Humanities. Grant Agreement no: 225 281 The emission content of The emission content of the trade in value added Erik Dietzenbacher Erik Dietzenbacher (University of Groningen)
Introduction Introduction Starting point: pollution haven hypothesis Starting point: pollution haven hypothesis rich countries export “clean” products and import “dirty” products and import dirty products In input output studies: In input-output studies: emission intensity of the export bundle versus emission intensity of the import bundle i i i t it f th i t b dl U i Using domestic emission intensities i i i t iti d ti i.e. emissions per unit of gross output
Introduction Introduction Using domestic emission intensities Using domestic emission intensities also for the imports: displaced pollution (Levinson 2009) displaced pollution (Levinson, 2009) Bilateral comparison of average emission intensities: Bilateral comparison of average emission intensities: for example US and India • average US intensity of export bundle < US i t it f t b dl < average US intensity of import bundle • average Indian intensity of export bundle > I di i t it f t b dl average Indian intensity of import bundle
Introduction Introduction In this study: In this study: • bilateral comparisons (possible for WIOTs) • not export/imports bundles • not export/imports bundles but emissions in exports (measured as embodied production in foreign final demands) production in foreign final demands) and emissions in imports (measured as embodied foreign production in domestic final demands) foreign production in domestic final demands) • consider emissions per unit of value added
Exercise 1 Exercise 1 Intermediate deliveries Final demands US India RoW US India RoW Output US India RoW Val Add Output CO2 emis Example for US, India, RoW
Exercise 1 Exercise 1 Intermediate deliveries Final demands US India RoW US India RoW Output US India RoW Val Add Output CO2 emis Example for US, India, RoW
Exercise 1 Exercise 1 Intermediate deliveries Final demands US India RoW US India RoW Output US India RoW Val Add Output CO2 emis Example for US, India, RoW
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Exercise 1 Exercise 1 Intermediate deliveries Final demands US India RoW US India RoW Output US India RoW Val Add Output CO2 emis Example for US, India, RoW
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Intermediate deliveries Final demands US India RoW US India RoW Output US India RoW Val Add Output CO2 emis
Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Why? Why? • Link with global value chains, trade in value added g , • Large part of the (non IO) literature uses emission-to- value-added (EMVA) ratios • Adaptation of the pollution haven hypothesis: • Adaptation of the pollution haven hypothesis: rich countries displace polluting activities but less if they generate y g much domestic value added
Emission intensities (emission to output ratios) L D I N U A A F S B F D J C I G E G C S P M C K T S E H L P L T R B M R B C I I R U N R L S U U I W E R E P A T B S R Y V R L Z O W V S U V O T U U R E O G H D N O X K L D A T S N E L A U N N A R P C P N T T E R N K T N A L U R S A X M R N N D W LUX DNK IRL NLD USA USA AUT AUS FIN SWE BEL FRA DEU JPN CAN ITA GBR ESP GRC CYP SVN SVN PRT MLT CZE KOR TWN SVK EST HUN LVA POL LTU TUR RUS BRA MEX ROM BGR CHN IDN IND ROW
Emission to value added ratios L D I N U A A F S B F D J C I G E G C S P M C K T S E H L P L T R B M R B C I I R U N R L S U U I W E R E P A T B S R Y V R L Z O W V S U V O T U U R E O G H D N O X K L D A T S N E L A U N N A R P C P N T T E R N K T N A L U R S A X M R N N D W LUX DNK IRL NLD USA USA AUT AUS FIN SWE BEL FRA DEU JPN CAN ITA GBR ESP GRC CYP SVN SVN PRT MLT CZE KOR TWN SVK EST HUN LVA POL LTU TUR RUS BRA MEX ROM BGR CHN IDN IND ROW
Results Results Not much difference so, focus on emission to value added ratios ,
Emission to value added ratios L D I N U A A F S B F D J C I G E G C S P M C K T S E H L P L T R B M R B C I I R U N R L S U U I W E R E P A T B S R Y V R L Z O W V S U V O T U U R E O G H D N O X K L D A T S N E L A U N N A R P C P N T T E R N K T N A L U R S A X M R N N D W Rich LUX DNK IRL NLD USA USA AUT AUS FIN SWE BEL FRA DEU JPN CAN ITA GBR ESP GRC CYP SVN SVN PRT MLT CZE KOR TWN SVK EST HUN LVA POL LTU TUR RUS BRA MEX ROM BGR CHN Poor IDN IND ROW
Emission to value added ratios L D I N U A A F S B F D J C I G E G C S P M C K T S E H L P L T R B M R B C I I R U N R L S U U I W E R E P A T B S R Y V R L Z O W V S U V O T U U R E O G H D N O X K L D A T S N E L A U N N A R P C P N T T E R N K T N A L U R S A X M R N N D W Rich LUX DNK Average Australian emission to value added ratios IRL NLD USA USA AUT AUS FIN SWE BEL FRA DEU JPN CAN ITA GBR ESP GRC CYP SVN SVN PRT MLT CZE KOR TWN SVK EST HUN LVA POL LTU TUR RUS BRA MEX ROM BGR CHN Poor IDN IND ROW
Emission to value added ratios L D I N U A A F S B F D J C I G E G C S P M C K T S E H L P L T R B M R B C I I R U N R L S U U I W E R E P A T B S R Y V R L Z O W V S U V O T U U R E O G H D N O X K L D A T S N E L A U N N A R P C P N T T E R N K T N A L U R S A X M R N N D W Rich LUX DNK Average Australian emission to value added ratios IRL NLD USA USA AUT AUS FIN SWE Turkey (poor): BEL FRA Australian EMVA ratio DEU exports < imports JPN CAN OK ITA according to PHH GBR ESP = green GRC CYP SVN SVN PRT MLT CZE KOR TWN SVK EST HUN LVA POL LTU TUR RUS BRA MEX ROM BGR CHN Poor IDN IND ROW
Emission to value added ratios L D I N U A A F S B F D J C I G E G C S P M C K T S E H L P L T R B M R B C I I R U N R L S U U I W E R E P A T B S R Y V R L Z O W V S U V O T U U R E O G H D N O X K L D A T S N E L A U N N A R P C P N T T E R N K T N A L U R S A X M R N N D W Rich LUX DNK Average Australian emission to value added ratios IRL NLD USA USA AUT AUS FIN SWE Turkey (poor): Mexico (poor): BEL FRA Australian EMVA ratio Australian EMVA ratio DEU exports < imports exports > imports JPN CAN OK not OK ITA according to PHH against PHH GBR ESP = green = red GRC CYP SVN SVN PRT MLT CZE KOR TWN SVK EST HUN LVA POL LTU TUR RUS BRA MEX ROM BGR CHN Poor IDN IND ROW
Emission to value added ratios L D I N U A A F S B F D J C I G E G C S P M C K T S E H L P L T R B M R B C I I R U N R L S U U I W E R E P A T B S R Y V R L Z O W V S U V O T U U R E O G H D N O X K L D A T S N E L A U N N A R P C P N T T E R N K T N A L U R S A X M R N N D W Rich LUX DNK Average Australian emission to value added ratios IRL NLD USA USA AUT AUS FIN SWE Denmark (rich): USA (rich): Turkey (poor): Mexico (poor): BEL Australian EMVA ratio FRA Australian EMVA ratio Australian EMVA ratio Australian EMVA ratio DEU exports < imports exports > imports exports < imports exports > imports JPN CAN not OK OK OK not OK ITA against PHH according to PHH according to PHH against PHH GBR ESP = red = green = green = red GRC CYP SVN SVN PRT MLT CZE KOR TWN SVK EST HUN LVA POL LTU TUR RUS BRA MEX ROM BGR CHN Poor IDN IND ROW
Emission to value added ratios L D I N U A A F S B F D J C I G E G C S P M C K T S E H L P L T R B M R B C I I R U N R L S U U I W E R E P A T B S R Y V R L Z O W V S U V O T U U R E O G H D N O X K L D A T S N E L A U N N A R P C P N T T E R N K T N A L U R S A X M R N N D W Rich LUX DNK Average Australian emission to value added ratios IRL NLD USA USA AUT AUS FIN SWE Denmark (rich): USA (rich): Turkey (poor): Mexico (poor): BEL Australian EMVA ratio FRA Australian EMVA ratio Australian EMVA ratio Australian EMVA ratio DEU exports < imports exports > imports exports < imports exports > imports JPN CAN not OK OK OK not OK ITA against PHH according to PHH according to PHH against PHH GBR ESP = red = green = green = red GRC CYP SVN SVN PRT MLT CZE Green = good, red = wrong KOR TWN According to PHH predictions g p SVK EST HUN LVA POL LTU TUR RUS BRA MEX ROM BGR CHN Poor IDN IND ROW
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