the Acoustic Soundscape HELCOM Workshop 26 November 2014 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Baltic sea Information on the Acoustic Soundscape HELCOM Workshop 26 November 2014 jukka.pajala@ymparisto.fi Finnish Environment Institute

Effect of anthropogenic noise on marine ecosystems depends on 1. Source level of anthropogenic sounds 2. Sound propagation losses => received level 3. Anthrogenic/natural sound pressure ratio 4. Spatial and temporal sensititivity of ecosystem

Gulf of Finland bathymetry Average depth 50 m Water depth over 100 m

Shallow water propagation The lower cut-off frequency as a function of depth for a shallow water channel

Sea bottom quality vs. sound absortion

Sound wave reflections 600 m Gulf of Finland, Sep 2013 30 m TIME V S 8 knots 600 m TIME V S 25 knots TIME V S 35 knots FREQUENCY

Sound speeds at sea Air 330 m/s 3000 m/s Ice 1440 m/s Water

Sound speed in the water 𝑑 = 1449.2 + 4.7 𝑈 − 0.055 𝑈 2 + 0.00029 𝑈 3 + 1.34 − 0.010 𝑈 𝑇 − 35 +0.016 𝑎 c – sound speed in m/s T – temperature in o C S – salinity in ppt 15 ppt Z – depth in m 10 ppt 5 ppt 20 m

Sound velocity profiles South of Utö, May 2013, W-E line 600 metres

GOF Lat 59 51’ Lon 24 50’ May 2013 Oct 2013

3.A Mitigation measures , Art. 13

DIRECTIVE 2008/56/EC, Articles 9, 10 and 11 Article 9 Determination of good environmental status Member States shall, in respect of each marine region (Baltic Sea) or subregion (?) concerned, determine, for the marine waters, a set of characteristics for good environmental status, on the basis of the qualitative descriptors listed in Annex I. (11) Introduction of energy, including underwater noise, is at levels that do not adversely affect the marine environment. Article 10 Establishment of environmental targets Member States shall, in respect of each marine region or subregion, establish a comprehensive set of environmental targets and associated indicators for their marine waters so as to guide progress towards achieving good environmental status in the marine environment... Article 11 Monitoring programmes Member States shall establish and implement coordinated monitoring programmes for the ongoing assessment of the environmental status of their marine waters on the basis of the indicative lists of elements…

DIRECTIVE 2008/56/EC, Article 13 Programmes of measures . Member States shall, in respect of each marine region or subregion concerned, identify the measures which need to be taken in order to achieve or maintain good environmental status, as determined pursuant to Article 9(1), in their marine waters. (1) Input controls: management measures that influence the amount of a human activity that is permitted. (2) Output controls: management measures that influence the degree of perturbation of an ecosystem component that is permitted. (3) Spatial and temporal distribution controls: management measures that influence where and when an activity is allowed to occur. (4) Management coordination measures: tools to ensure that management is coordinated. (5) Measures to improve the traceability, where feasible, of marine pollution. (6) Economic incentives: management measures which make it in the economic interest of those using the marine ecosystems to act in ways which help to achieve the good environmental status objective. (7) Mitigation and remediation tools: management tools which guide human activities to restore damaged components of marine ecosystems. (8) Communication, stakeholder involvement and raising public awareness.

Conceptual framework for the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Source: The European Commission's assessment and guidance {COM(2014) 97 final}

Selection criteria for GES criteria TG noise October 2014, Suggested selection criteria: 1. Scale 2. Evidence of impact 3. Added value

Selection criteria for GES criteria 1 Scale: The activities introducing the energy occur at a large scale rather than at a local scale or there is a concern that such activities will occur at large scale in the near future.

Selection criteria for GES criteria 2 Evidence of impact: There should be evidence of a (long-term) impact on the marine ecosystem, on populations or on habitats or ecosystem services, or indication of potential long term impact or irreparable damage at these scales.

Selection criteria for GES criteria 2 Added value : The activities introducing the energy in the environment and their cumulative effects should not be already fully regulated under other EU-regulations, or monitoring and assessment should deliver added value because e.g. it enables assessment of potential cumulative impact caused by different activities (not necessarily restricted to noise/energy).

Marine Strategy Framework Directive to achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status (GES) of the EU's marine waters by 2020 the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC). • Management of all human activities which have the potential for impact on the marine environment Member states should establish monitoring programs by 2014 Programs of measures need to be defined by 2015 Programs of measures need to implemented by 2016

Road map of the D11 BS indicators HELCOM, 2016 BIAS, 2015 TSG Noise, 2013 MSFD, 2008

Source: Commission Report to the Council and the European Parliament The first phase of implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC) - The European Commission's assessment and guidance {COM(2014) 97 final} Figure 22: Summary of the assessments of adequacy of Member State's reports for MSFD Articles 8, 9 and 10 for Descriptor 11 on energy including underwater noise. The bars indicate the number of Member States which were assessed as adequate, partially adequate and inadequate. Art.8 Assesment Art.9 GES Art.10 Targets Art.11 Monitoring Art.13 Measures

Figure 23: Summary of the assessments of coherence of Member State's reports within each region for MSFD Articles 8, 9 and 10 for Descriptor 11 on energy including underwater noise. The bars indicate whether the reports were assessed as having a low, moderate or high level of coherence within each region. Art.8 Assesment Art.9 GES Art.10 Targets Art.11 Monitoring Art.13 Measures

Figure 26: Summary of the overall adequacy scores per Member State across MSFD articles 8, 9 and 10 (expressed as a percentage of the total possible score), with MS grouped per marine region (hence SE, DK, DE, FR and ES appear twice). Art.8 Assesment Art.9 GES Art.10 Targets Art.11 Monitoring Art.13 Measures

Figure 27: Summary of the level of coherence achieved within each marine region (expressed as a percentage of the total possible score).

Article 13 Programmes of measures Member States shall, in respect of each marine region or subregion concerned, identify the measures which need to be taken in order to achieve or maintain good environmental status, as determined ursuant to Article 9(1), in their marine waters.

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION SUB-COMMITTEEE ON SHIP DESIGN Provisions for reduction of noise from commercial shipping and its adverse impact on marine life, DE 56/17 Dec 2012 Report provides draft non-mandatory guidelines: Targeting reduction the contribution of shipping to ambient noise 3 dB in 10 years (10 -300 Hz). Indentifying the noisiest ship to gain a better understanding of the factors that elevate the noise levels of these ships. 26

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION SUB-COMMITTEEE ON SHIP DESIGN Operational considerations: Propeller cleaning, smooth underwater hull surface, selection of ship speed, re-routing to avoid sensitive marine areas. Technology: Propeller design with respect to cavitation, resiliently mounted engines, elastic couplings … 27

Ship uw noise reduction Cavitation causes broadband noise and discrete peaks in the underwater noise spectrum. Sound source level The broadband noise is caused by growth and collapse of a vast amount of individual cavitation bubbles in water. The discrete noise peaks are caused by the volume fluctuations of the sheet and tip vortex cavities. Dimensionless ship speed