Sustainability and Security in Sustainability and Security in Rice Agriculture - The case of water scarcity B A M Bouman B.A.M. Bouman C Crop, Soil and Water Sciences Division S il d W t S i Di i i International Rice Research Institute
600 million tonnes for 2.6 billion people Despite declining population growth rate and changing diets, more rice t d h i di t i needed in future Projected increase in demand Projected increase in demand for rice, 2005 for rice, 2005- -2015 2015 East Asia -3% Southeast Asia 11% S South Asia th A i 13% 13% Central and West Asia 36% Sub-Saharan Africa 49% Latin America Latin America 17% 17% World 10%
While much better off than 25 years ago, over one billion remain desperately poor billi i d t l (Living on less than US$ 1 per day) (Living on less than US$ 1 per day) …and most live in Asia! and most live in Asia!
Poor rural rice producers need increased income … while the urban poor demand cheap rice supplies.
Strategy Increase food security Alleviate poverty net rice consumers Stimulate macro-economy Alleviate poverty rice producers a po y p odu I ncrease yield = > keep price low I ncrease factor productivity = > reduce costs I ncrease factor productivity = > reduce costs Reduce environmental externalities Reduce environmental externalities
Some challenges ahead Increasing rice demand, decreasing production growth => Decrease world rice stocks Volatile prices Labor shortages and high wages Land shortage (land converted to other use, erosion) Water issues: Shortage Uncontrollable flooding Salinity Climate change and variability g y
The problem of not enough water Projected water scarcity j y in 2025 Asia dry season Asia dry-season irrigated rice IWMI Global Water Scarcity Study, 2000 • Irrigation: >80% of the freshwater resources in Asia • By 2025, 15-20 million ha of irrigated rice will suffer some degree of water some degree of water scarcity IRRI database (GIS laboratory)
Yield (t ha -1 ) Yield (t ha -1 ) Technologies to reduce water input Soil Management, Furrow, Flush, AWD AWD SSC SSC R d Reduced water depth d t d th Sprinkler Irrigation Aerobic rice Lowland system system rice system Traditional upland rice upland rice system Δ Y = f (variety, management) Low High Water availability Aerobic Flooded FC Saturated Soil Condition
60 60 Alternate wetting and 50 drying (AWD) pth (mm) 40 Intermittent irrigation (II) Intermittent irrigation (II) Field water dep 30 Controlled Irrigation (CI) 20 One of key components in y p 10 10 SRI 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 transp. Early Late PI to complete grain filling Maturity recovery flowering g tillering g tillering g Days after Transplanting
“Safe AWD practice” using simple tool Safe AWD practice using simple tool 1 1. Start 10 DAT or 20 DAS Start 10 DAT or 20 DAS 2. Irrigate when water is 15- 20 cm deep (simple tool) 20 cm deep (simple tool) 3. Keep 5-cm flooded at flowering Main idea to convey: • Water is there even when you can’t see it • Create confidence by farmers • Create confidence by farmers • Farmers then to experiment with threshold value • No recipe for soil type, hydrology, variety, ..
Average number of pumping irrigation in water saving and non-water saving fields by district, saving and non-water saving fields by district An Giang Province, Vietnam (2006) N 12 water s water s aving aving 10 non-water s aving 8 6 4 2 0 0 h n u n n u u i n n o n e o a e h h a o M a y h S i P P T B T h u C o i n u T u X i a h r h n a h A o T n u g g C C h h a a P P h h i i a a n n T T T T C C T T h h o o C L
Yield under saving and non-water saving fields Yield under saving and non-water saving fields by district, An Giang Province, Vietnam (2006) Water saving Tons/ha Non saving 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Long An Phú Tho ạ i Tri Tôn Phú Tân Tân Châu Châu Ch ợ T ị nh Xuyên X ê S S ơ n Châ Châu Phú Phú Thành Thà h M ớ i M ớ i Biê Biên District
Aerobic rice Key characteristics: no puddling, no standing water, no soil saturation, dry land preparation, water, no soil saturation, dry land preparation, direct dry seeding, “high” inputs => high yields, special “aerobic rice” varieties p Target domain: water-short irrigated lands, favorable uplands and rainfed lowlands (where water is Insufficient to grow flooded rice)
Upland rice Upland rice Aerobic soil Drought tolerant Drought tolerant B Breeding: di Weed competitive Adverse soil conditions Low inputs (!) => Stable but low yields Unfavorable uplands
Different idea of rice like upland crop Different idea of rice like upland crop Different idea of rice like upland crop Different idea of rice like upland crop Breeding: from upland rice Breeding: from upland rice… Aerobic soil Aerobic soil Lowland HYV traits Lowland HYV traits Input responsive Lodging resistant Lodging resistant Weed competitive => Stable and high yields Water-short irrigated areas ate s o t gated a eas ‘Favorable’ uplands
Beijing (CAU): Three varieties: • Aerobic rice Han Dao 502 and 297 • Lowland rice (check): Jin Dao 305 • Lowland site: conventional lowland practice • Aerobic site: five irrigation treatments • Aerobic site: five irrigation treatments
Water input (rainfall + irrigation) mm Water input (rainfall irrigation) mm 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2006 Flood Flood 1351 1351 1255 1255 W0 W0 644 644 769 769 W1 W1 577 577 708 708 688 688 705 705 668 668 550 550 W2 W2 586 586 620 620 618 618 675 675 526 526 490 490 W3 W3 W3 W3 519 519 519 519 695 695 695 695 648 648 648 648 645 645 645 645 484 484 484 484 450 450 450 450 W4 W4 469 469 547 547 578 578 605 605
Yield (t ha -1 ) of HD297 1 ) Yi ld (t h f HD297 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 Flood Flood Flood Flood 5.4 5.4 5 4 5 4 5 3 5 3 5.3 5.3 W0 W0 4.7 4.7 5.3 5.3 W1 W1 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.4 5.6 5.6 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 W2 W2 4.2 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.3 W3 W3 3.4 3.4 4.6 4.6 1.4 1.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.1 4.1 W4 W4 W4 W4 2.5 2 5 2 5 2.5 3 0 3 0 3.0 3.0 0 5 0 5 0.5 0.5 5.0 5 0 5 0 5.0
Yield (t ha -1 ) 10 Flooded soil 9 Aerobic soil 8 Target domain 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 2 Black = HD297 (plus HD502) 1 White lowland variety White = lowland variety 0 200 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 1000 1000 1200 1200 1400 1400 Water input (mm)
MEANS OF CROPS 2002 MEANS OF CROPS 2002 Lowland rice Lowland rice Aerobic rice Aerobic rice Maize Maize Cotton Cotton Field size (ha) 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.14 Grain yield (t/ha) 7.31 4.35 7.47 3.10 Irrigation (mm) Irrigation (mm) 1407 1407 217 217 77 77 79 79 Rainfall (mm) 337 337 337 337 Total water (I + R; mm) 1744 553 414 416 WP (g grain/ kg total water) WP (g grain/ kg total water) 0 42 0.42 0 79 0.79 1 81 1.81 0 75 0.75 Input cost ($/ha) fertilizer 106 59 64 54 seeds seeds 93 93 56 56 41 41 23 23 herbicide and pesticide 39 33 4 19 harvest 22 15 6 0 fuel (except irrigation) fuel (except irrigation) 25 25 37 37 11 11 0 0 irrigation (water, fuel) 94 30 13 11 Total input cost ($/ha) 379 230 140 106 Production value ($/ha) P d ti l ($/h ) 1097 1097 706 706 1071 1071 1700 1700 Net income ($/ha) 718 487 906 1594 Hired labor (d/ha) 0 6 0 0 Own labor (d/ha) O l b (d/h ) 116 116 87 87 109 109 238 238 Net income, labor included 500 312 703 1147
Comparative profitability (US $) of rice production, 2005 Aerobic Rice Lowland Rice Difference # of samples (n) 59 16 (349) ( ) *** Production Value 967 96 1,316 ,3 6 (232) *** Total Cost 641 874 Fertilizer Cost F tili C t (41) (41) 137 137 178 178 ** Pesticide Cost 5 38 33 L b Labor Cost C t (175) (175) 285 460 ** Irrigation Cost 16 34 (18) *** Other Cost 1 Oth C t 1 165 165 168 168 (3) (3) 442 (116) Gross Margin 325 1 Other cost incl de seed po er and food cost 1 Other cost include seed, power and food cost
Comparative profitability (US $) of other crops - 2005 Cotton Peanut Corn Soybean # of samples (n) 101 43 9 7 P Production Value d ti V l 709 709 423 423 1,249 1 249 1,315 1 315 Total Cost 420 290 598 600 Fertilizer Cost 105 65 52 112 Pesticide Cost 28 11 7 6 Labor Cost 225 112 395 283 Other Cost 1 66 106 121 199 Gross Margin 301 134 652 715 1 Other cost include seed, power and food cost Ot e cost c ude seed, po e a d ood cost
Comparing different varieties under flooded varieties under flooded and aerobic conditions, Tokyo, Osaka 2007, 2008
Aerobic Di Direct seeded t d d Flooded transplanted Flooded Flooded Direct seeded
Conclusions Conclusions Need to increase rice productivity Water scarcity increasing and affecting rice growing areas Response options available some ‘ready to go’ (AWD) some ready to go (AWD) some require further research (AR)
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