Sub- & Cross-Phonemic Priming in Vowel Shadowing 1. Memory - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sub- & Cross-Phonemic Priming in Vowel Shadowing 1. Memory Types and Respresentation of Language 2. Experiment-Setup 3. Results 1. Sub-Phonemic 2. Cross-Phonemic 4. Explanation 1. Exemplar Model 2. Sub-Phonemic 1. Early-Articulation 2. Planning-Interaction 3. Cross-Phonemic

Sub- & Cross-Phonemic Priming in Vowel Shadowing 1. Memory Types and Respresentation of Language 2. Experiment-Setup 3. Results 1. Sub-Phonemic 2. Cross-Phonemic 4. Explanation 1. Exemplar Model 2. Sub-Phonemic 1. Early-Articulation 2. Planning-Interaction 3. Cross-Phonemic

Memory earlier: - brain abstracts away from speaker/utterance-specific details and - store abstract lexical items “tree” “leave” [l ̴ i ː v] [t ̪ɹ i ː ] today: - brain remembers phonetic detail of utterances - store seperate speech events “tree” “leave” [t ̪ ri ː ] [li ː v] [t ʰʀ i] [l ̴ i ː v] [t ̪ɹ i ː ] [li ː f] [t ʀ i] [t ɹ i ː ] [l ̴ iv] [t ʰ ri]

⇒ ⇒ Memory Perceptual Memory: - long-term memory for visual, auditory and other perceptual information Motor Memory: - overt conscious appreciation of memory not necessary - tasks done automatically without paying attention Question: when and how are perceptual representations mapped to motor representations? vocal tract shaping “tree” recent perceptions: repr [t ̪ɹ i ː ] not influence production [t ̪ɹ i ː ] “tree” vocal tract shaping [t ̪ ri ː ] recent perceptions: [t ʰʀ i] [t ̪ɹ i ː ] [t ʀ i] may influence production [t ʀ i] repr [t ɹ i ː ] [t ʰ ri]

Sub- & Cross-Phonemic Priming in Vowel Shadowing 1. Memory Types and Respresentation of Language 2. Experiment-Setup 3. Results 1. Sub-Phonemic 2. Cross-Phonemic 4. Explanation 1. Exemplar Model 2. Sub-Phonemic 1. Early-Articulation 2. Planning-Interaction 3. Cross-Phonemic

Basic Idea to be examined: / do they play a r - how do episodic memories (exemplars) influence speech production - influence of recent perception of subphonemic details on subsequent production Question: Do people produce more centralized /a/ when hearing centralized [a]* prime than when hearing a normal [a] prime? ? [a]* [a]* produce [a]

Experiment Set-Up General Setup participants: American (12 participants: 6m, 6f) condition: within-subject cue : stimuli: beep, [a], [i], [a]*, [i]* target : beep, [a], [i] subphonemic di ff erences between [a]/[i] and [a]*/[i]* trials: 25-40 blocks, each 32 trials concordant : cue = target discordant : cue ≠ target control : no cue task: repeat last vowel as quick as possible white noise cue target reponse

Sub- & Cross-Phonemic Priming in Vowel Shadowing 1. Memory Types and Respresentation of Language 2. Experiment-Setup 3. Results 1. Sub-Phonemic 2. Cross-Phonemic 4. Explanation 1. Exemplar Model 2. Sub-Phonemic 1. Early-Articulation 2. Planning-Interaction 3. Cross-Phonemic

Results - Subphonemic E ff ects concordant trials: - significant mean F1, F2 di ff erences between normal and centralized - most : trend for centralization - some : trend against centralization Centralization for [a]: F2 higher + F1 lower Centralization for [i]: F2 lower + F1 higher

Results - Subphonemic E ff ects concordant trials: - significant mean F1, F2 di ff erences between normal and centralized - most : trend for centralization - some : trend against centralization Centralization for [a]: F2 higher + F1 lower Centralization for [i]: F2 lower + F1 higher

Results - Subphonemic E ff ects concordant trials: - significant mean F1, F2 di ff erences between normal and centralized - most : trend for centralization di ff erent patterns: - some : trend against centralization control similar to normal control notacibly distinct from normal control between normal and centralized Centralization for [a]: F2 higher + F1 lower Centralization for [i]: F2 lower + F1 higher

Results - Subphonemic E ff ects Centralization for [a]: F2 higher + F1 lower [a]-F1 di ff erent patterns: - most : negligable di ff erences in F1 begin and remain central - some : rel. lower F1 in first half ( → centralization) begin central, eventually converge - some : rel. higher F1 in some parts begin near, then diverge (and reconverge) [a]-F2 - most : higher contours ( → centralization) — normal — [a] central

Results - Subphonemic E ff ects Centralization for [i]: F2 lower + F1 higher [i]-F1 di ff erent patterns: - most : clear centralization, esp. first half begin and remain central begin central, eventually converge [i]-F2 - most : centralization begin near, then diverge (and reconverge) - some : more peripheral — normal — [i] central

Results - Crossphonemic E ff ects concordant vs. discordant: - significant mean F1, F2 di ff erences between concordant and discordant - dissimilation [a] cue + [a] → [a] (nearer to i) [i] cue + [a] → [a] (further from i) Dissimilation for [a]: F2 lower + F1 higher Dissimilation for [i]: F2 higher + F1 lower

Results - Crossphonemic E ff ects - significant mean F1, F2 di ff erences between concordant and discordant - dissimilation di ff erent patterns: [a] cue + [a] → [a] (nearer to i) control similar to concordant [i] cue + [a] → [a] (further from i) control similar to discordant control between concordant and discordant Dissimilation for [a]: F2 lower + F1 higher Dissimilation for [i]: F2 higher + F1 lower

Results - Crossphonemic E ff ects Dissimilation for [a]: F2 lower + F1 higher [a]-F1 di ff erent patterns: - most : negligable di ff erences in F1 begin and remain dissimilar - some : rel. higher F1 ( → dissimilation) begin dissimilar, eventually converge - some : rel. lower F1 in first half ( → assimilation) begin near, then diverge (and reconverge) [a]-F2 - most : lower contours ( → dissimilation) - separation-conver - pr initially similar — concordant — [a] discordant

Results - Crossphonemic E ff ects Dissimilation for [i]: F2 higher + F1 lower [i]-F1 di ff erent patterns: - most : clear dissimilation, esp. first half begin and remain dissimilar begin dissimilar, eventually converge [i]-F2 - most : dissimilation begin near, then diverge (and reconverge) - some : assimilation — concordant — [i] discordant

Sub- & Cross-Phonemic Priming in Vowel Shadowing 1. Memory Types and Respresentation of Language 2. Experiment-Setup 3. Results 1. Sub-Phonemic 2. Cross-Phonemic 4. Explanation 1. Exemplar Model 2. Sub-Phonemic 1. Early-Articulation 2. Planning-Interaction 3. Cross-Phonemic

Explanation - Exemplar Theory exemplar theory - individual speech utterances are stored in the mind as seperate examples - exemplars are activated during production and perception exemplar: - episodic memory of a speech event - set of associations between auditory properties and category labels • linguistic information • non-linguistic contextual information [dœ ˈ n ʌː ] [ ˈ døn ɐ ] - word = “döner" - word = “döner" - speaker: - speaker: • female • young → lexical representation: • journalist • male - context: Tagesschau - context: school yard - distributions of remembered exemplars [ ˈ do ʊ n ə r] - updated by experiences of individual percepts - word = “döner" - speaker: • female • American during perception: activation based on similarity identification of words: relative activation level in candidate distribution during production: activation of category

Explanation - Exemplar Theory - Perception classification of new item: - di ff erent base level of activation - recency of use → decay over time - frequency of use - activation according to similarity to new item - activation of category = total activation of exemplars in the category ↳ determines whether item belongs to category acustic signal [i] [i] [i] token [a] token [ ə ] [ ə ] → → classification: [ ə ] [ ə ] token [a] [a] e ff ect of recent inputs: acustic signal [i] [i] [i] recent input [ ə ] [ ə ] [ ə ] → → → classification: [a] [a] [a] [a]

Explanation - Exemplar Theory - Production determination of production target: - choose phonological category to produce - randomly select exemplar from the category - recency of use - activation-weighted averageing: averaging of phonetic characteristics of nearby group of exemplars ↳ more recent: more influence [i] token [a] token [ ə ] token [i] [i] [i] producation target: activation-weighted [ ə ] [ ə ] [ ə ] → [a] production: averageing → → [a] [a] [a] →

Explanation - Exemplar Theory in Prime Shadowing prior to cue: - both categories activated to equal extend - both targets are planned after cue perceived and stored: - activations of cue due to likelyhood - target replanned after target stimulus perceived: - corresponding vowel: fully activated - new production target planned and executed articulation and target planning potentially in parallel → e ff ect in mid production [a]* [a] planned targets 1 1 [i] [i] [i] 2 cue signal 3 target signal response → → [a] [a] 1 [a] 2 2 3

Explanation - Subphonemic E ff ects 2 accounts early articulation account planning interaction account cause of di ff erences: cause of di ff erences: planning of speech targets pre-configuration of vocal tract 1 [i] 3 di ff erence: when and where [a] shifts happen 2 3 can happen in parallel