Student residence: the national and local context Prof Darren Smith - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Student residence: the national and local context Prof Darren Smith (Loughborough) and Prof Phil Hubbard (Kent)

Content • National trends in student accommodation • Regulatory approaches: encouraging purpose built developments (PBSA), limiting HMOs, promoting more cohesive communities? • Regulating student residence in small towns/cities • Outcomes: what happens to student neighbourhoods when students move elsewhere? • Canterbury: typical or exception?

Studentification • ‘The replacement and/or displacement of established residents with a transient, generally young and single social grouping’ (Smith, 2006, UUK Studentification Guide) • Or ‘the substitution of a local community by a student community’ (HMO Lobby website, 2004) • Studentification not simply a rise in the number of students in a town/city but manifest in a more specific phenomena: recommodification of single- family housing into HMOs

Trends in HE (1960-2014)

Trends in HE (2010/11-2014/15)

Trends in HE (2007-2028) 2150.0 Latest projection 2100.0 Previous Population aged 18-20 (thousands) projection 2050.0 2000.0 1950.0 1900.0 1850.0 1800.0 1750.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

Studentification: international studies • North America (ITGA, Michael Fox) • China (He, Gu) • Malaysia • Australia (Shaw and Fincher) • New Zealand • Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Spain • South Africa

Studentification: UK context • A form of neighbourhood change driven by potential profits to be made via buy-to-let and HMO markets • Student housing emerges as proftable niche with specific practices of subdividing, renting and marketing housing • Geographically concentrated: in areas close to HEIs where housing stock lent itself to conversion

Brighton

Studentification: benefits • Sustains a young and educated population • Enhances overall spending power and boost the local economy • Sustains the high demand for local commercial services (e.g. from pubs to dentists) • Supports the hotel/hospitality industry via parental/ guardian/family/friends visits • Sustains the provision of sporting facilities and sport-related services (e.g. physiotherapy). • Increases the rates of local volunteering • Extends cultural diversity • Adds a ‘freshness/energy’

Studentification: environmental challenges • Frequent noise nuisance • Overspill/non-collection of refuse bags/ bins and litter • Fly-tipping of unwanted furniture and beds, boxes, and white-goods • Lack of car parking spaces, and increased traffic congestion on streets.

Studentification: service challenges • Closure of schools, nurseries and crèches due to low pupil rolls. • Growth of student-oriented retail and leisure provision • Closure of longstanding local businesses and services. • Depopulation of neighbourhood(s) during academic vacations. • Lower local revenue due to council tax exempt properties.

Studentification: housing challenges • Reduction of total affordable housing associated with an inflation of property prices • Rising rental costs due to high demand for rented housing, • Transformation of urban landscape via loft conversions and housing extensions. • Proliferation of to-let signs, and non- removal of signs.

Studentification: social challenges • Higher levels of population transience and turnover. • Increasing anxiety of the ‘unfamiliar’ and possible ‘anti-social behaviour’. • Lower levels of social capital and participation in local community events/groups. • Lower levels of electoral voting and difficulties for politicians to canvas. ¡

Regulating student accommodation • ‘Policing’ – using public enforcement to react to compaints (noting use of student marshalls, third sector policing) • ‘Managing affect’ – using campaigns to change expectations and behaviour of students and non- students • ‘Market mechanisms’ – encouraging students to leave HMOs for purpose built accommodation • ‘Law and statute’ – using licensing and planning law to prevent new student housing

Studentification in small towns • 95% of towns and cities with Universities have above average numbers of HMOs in local housing stock (c.f 73% seaside communities) • Around 5% of UK popn defined by ONS as living in ‘student neighbourhoods’ (key feature: few 0-14 year olds but many 18-24 years olds) • Likelihood of living in one of these neighbourhoods higher in smaller University towns (e.g. Canterbury, Aberystwyth, Durham, Loughborough, Exeter)

Most studentified wards in England & Wales 2011$ward Households Student$house Percentage E05001427$:$Headingley 6238 2051 33 E05001103$:$North$Jesmond 3668 1204 33 E05001834$:$Dunkirk$and$Lenton 3738 1217 33 W05000088$:$Menai$(Bangor) 697 226 32 W05000857$:$Cathays 6192 1841 30 E05007983$:$Elvet 1668 452 27 W05000699$:$Treforest 1665 450 27 W05000059$:$Deiniol 553 149 27 W05000363$:$Aberystwyth$Canol/Central 1022 273 27 E05001043$:$Broomhill 5708 1430 25 E05001202$:$Selly$Oak 8194 1979 24 E05008734$:$Hanley$Park$and$Shelton 2140 511 24 E05003503$:$St$James 2366 542 23 E05001107$:$South$Jesmond 4086 927 23 E05002081$:$Drake 3695 768 21 E05000717$:$Withington 4753 975 21 E05004918$:$St$Stephens 3915 780 20 W05000364$:$Aberystwyth$Gogledd/North 864 162 19 E05001969$:$Westmoreland 2216 396 18 E05005440$:$Loughborough$Southfields 2520 448 18 E05005441$:$Loughborough$Storer 2204 390 18 W05000366$:$Aberystwyth$Rheidol 1216 215 18 E05001429$:$Hyde$Park$and$Woodhouse 9073 1585 17 W05000548$:$Uplands 5888 1020 17

Most studentified wards in England & Wales Full-time All students in 2011 ward residents in all-student households households Percentage 52 E05001834 : Dunkirk and Lenton 10,691 5,581 E05001103 : North Jesmond 10,646 5,294 50 W05000088 : Menai (Bangor) 2,147 1,067 50 E05001427 : Headingley 18,548 9,137 49 W05000363 : Aberystwyth Canol/Central 2,465 1,178 48 47 W05000857 : Cathays 17,522 8,311 E05007983 : Elvet 4,081 1,822 45 44 W05000059 : Deiniol 1,492 652 E05001043 : Broomhill 16,542 7,142 43 E05003503 : St James 6,198 2,675 43 E05002081 : Drake 9,570 3,765 39 E05001107 : South Jesmond 9,913 3,799 38 38 W05000699 : Treforest 4,461 1,704 E05001202 : Selly Oak 24,190 9,180 38 35 E05008672 : Garden Quarter 4,943 1,724 W05000364 : Aberystwyth Gogledd/North 1,879 642 34 E05000717 : Withington 13,366 4,450 33 E05008734 : Hanley Park and Shelton 5,652 1,869 33 W05000366 : Aberystwyth Rheidol 2,725 869 32 32 W05000548 : Uplands 15,197 4,812 E05004918 : St Stephens 10,311 3,178 31 30 E05001429 : Hyde Park and Woodhouse 21,922 6,581 E05005440 : Loughborough Southfields 6,277 1,877 30 E05001837 : Radford and Park 18,417 5,299 29

Loughborough • 13600 students (2008/09) doubled in size from 1991 • Students make up considerable portion of 57,600 term time population (2007 estimate)

Loughborough - HMOs • Storer Ward: • 5572 pop, 2068 households (2001) • Between April 2000 and April 2001, 1,455 18-24 years olds moved in; 828 18-24 year olds moved out • 1428 whole households (69%) – but just 2681 people (48%) - remained at same address

PBSA in Loughborough • Loughborough Wharf - town centre site earmarked for mixed use development • Savills acquired for £9.25m in 2007 as part of Student Halls Fund, opened Sept 2007

PBSA in Loughborough

Destudentification

Destudentification

Canterbury case study • At ward level, student pop doubled in St Stephens and Westgate 2001-2011; lesser rise in Northgate but the population of students here exceeded 15% • At a micro-level, number of neighbourhoods (Lower Super Output Areas) with more than 15% student population increased from 16 to 22 2011$Ward Residents Students %$Students E05004918 : St Stephens 10,311 3,178 31 E05004916 : Northgate 6,208 1,159 19 E05004924 : Westgate 9,841 1,587 16 E05004903 : Barton 9,711 1,273 13 9 E05004925 : Wincheap 8,797 771 6 E05004904 : Blean Forest 2,276 139 E05004909 : Harbledown 2,448 67 3 E05004921 : Sturry South 2,823 16 1 E05004920 : Sturry North 2,788 10 0 E05004905 : Chartham and Stone Street 5,868 21 0

Canterbury 2011, student population % St Stephens (studentified) Northgate (studentified) Westgate (studentifying) Barton (studentifying) Wincheap (potential studentification)

Canterbury case study: trends

Canterbury case study • 31646 students registered at Canterbury but only approx. 18,000 full and part-time students live in the city in term-time (including those who live with parents) (not 40,000 as local media suggest) 2009/10 ¡ 2012/13 ¡ 2013/14 ¡ 2014/15 ¡ University ¡accommoda8on ¡bedspaces ¡ 5783 ¡ 6517 ¡ 6481 ¡ 7579 ¡ PBSA ¡ 275 ¡ Students ¡in ¡all-­‑student ¡households ¡ 7471 ¡ 10386 ¡ 10170 ¡ 8083 ¡ Sole ¡student ¡occupier ¡ 342 ¡ 363 ¡ 483 ¡ 669 ¡ Parental ¡Home ¡ 935 ¡ Not ¡known/other ¡ 359 ¡ Total ¡ 13596 ¡ 17266 ¡ 17134 ¡ 17900 ¡