STEEP SLOPE LOGGING RESEARCH AT OSU Eye movement tracking to grapple yarding, collaboration for a safer work environment. Presenter: Preston Green 1 1 Oregon State University College of Forestry
Research Team Acknowledgement Francisca Belart 1 , Robert Crawford 1 , Woodam Chung 1 , Tamara Cushing 1 , John Garland 3, Laurel Kincl 2 , Ben Leshchinsky 1 , John Sessions 1 , Jeff Wimer 1 1 OSU College of Forestry, 2 OSU Public Health and Human Sciences, 3 Garland & Associates August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 1 Bangor, ME
Steep Slope Harvesting • Research Introduction • Research Goals • Methodology Overview • Results to Date • Future Plans August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 2 Bangor, ME
Research Introduction & Goals • Motivations: • Logging is “difficult, dirty, dangerous, and declining” (Garland, 2012a) • Logging is the first step in an industry that generates over $5.2 billion in revenue for Oregon alone (Rasmussen et al., 2012) • Workforce, mechanization, timber, political environment are all drivers of change • Research Arms & Goals: • Assessing practical and physiological response of logging workers • Assessing environmental impacts of various steep-slope harvesting systems • Observe harvesting and yarding productivity to develop regression-based cost and productivity models August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 3 Bangor, ME
Motivations August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 4 Bangor, ME
Motivations • Logging generates billions in revenue for Oregon alone. • Drivers of change: • Workforce: good employees harder to find, younger employees not looking for a career in the woods • Mechanization: other parts of the world are advancing in this area, big changes have been taking place • Timber: size (DBH) has decreased over time, requiring adaptations to logging systems to remain competitive August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 5 Bangor, ME
Methodology, Practical & Physiological Response of Operator • Operators will be wired! • Measurement of stress, fatigue, operator attentiveness through: • Heart rate monitor • Camera recording eye movements • Camera recording operator • Measurement of respiration (Fitbit-like device) • Periodic interviews in response to situations August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 6 Bangor, ME
Disclaimer Mention or depiction of machines or trade names does not constitute endorsement by Oregon State University or any agency of the federal government. August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 7 Bangor, ME
Wiring Operators Camera watches and tracks the operators pupils, and relates that to what the operator sees in front of him. Camera watching pupils, camera looking forward. Other medical-grade devices similar to a Fitbit to track vital signs and galvanic skin responses. August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 8 Bangor, ME
Wired Operator August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 9 Bangor, ME
Methodology, Environmental Impacts • Pressure monitors buried underneath tracks • Non-tethered tests with Tigercat 855 and CAT 552 at OSU on different slopes and boom positions • Tethered test with CAT 552 with C&C Logging in western Washington on different slopes, boom positions, and cable tension • Accelerometers to measure movement of machine • Bulk density to measure compaction • Vane shear samples to measure undrained shear strength of soil • Slash mat transects to capture effect of slash mat on compaction and rutting • Rut depth • Soil displacement (through ocular observation) August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 10 Bangor, ME
Field Testing Pressure Cell Layout Bottom Mid-Top Mid-Bottom Top August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 11 Bangor, ME
Methodology, Harvesting & Yarding Productivity • Detailed time study of cable-assisted harvester & forwarder, grapple yarding, conventional yarding (other systems planned for future research) via paper & stopwatch and video recording. • GPS tracking of carriages to determine precise turn distances • Data log from harvester head to capture tree size and detailed cutting log, done by measuring and pre-marking, otherwise. August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 12 Bangor, ME
Field Testing August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 13 Bangor, ME
Results to Date August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 14 Bangor, ME
Practical & Physiological Response of Operator August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 15 Bangor, ME
August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 16 Bangor, ME
Environmental Impacts August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 17 Bangor, ME
August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 18 Bangor, ME
Facing Downhill, Facing Downhill, High pressure at base, Boom In Boom Out increases likelihood of sliding No Cable Facing Uphill, Tension! Boom In Facing Uphill, Boom Out Low pressure, little contact with ground August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 19 Bangor, ME
Facing Downhill, Boom In 9,000 lbs. Facing Uphill, Facing Downhill, Cable Boom In Boom Out Facing Uphill, Tension Front pressures effectively reduced Boom Out Rear pressures increase, tracks are fully engaged August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 20 Bangor, ME
Facing Downhill, Boom In 20,000 lbs. Facing Uphill, Facing Downhill, Cable Boom In Boom Out Facing Uphill, Tension Boom Out August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 21 Bangor, ME
What does this mean? • Tracks are better engaged throughout their entire length due to cable tensions (better mobility) • Ground pressure decrease (less soil disturbance, more stability) • Downhill operation is improved by reducing maximum track pressures. • Uphill operation is improved by better distribution of ground pressures. August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 22 Bangor, ME
What about compaction? August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 23 Bangor, ME
Harvester – No Tether Tension Slope (%) 50% 25 Blows 30% 15 Blows 5 Blows 40% 5 Blows August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 24 Bangor, ME
Harvester –Tension Slope (%) 80% 50% 30% 25 Blows 15 Blows 5 Blows 5 Blows August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 25 Bangor, ME
Productivity & Cost • Conventional yarding and grapple yarding on the same setting • Madill 071 w/Boman Mark V carriage and Eagle Claw grapple • Clearcut, Douglas fir age 50-55 (est.), 18.24” ave. DBH, 93.3’ ave. height • Yarding from pre-bunched decks of logs • Independent variables: • Outhaul distance • Number of stems August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 26 Bangor, ME
Harvest Unit August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 27 Bangor, ME
Productivity and Cost Comparison Cab able Yar Yarding ng Grap apple Y e Yarding ng • AYD: 1,129 feet • AYD: 591 feet • Without delay: 17.38 MBF/Hr. • Without delay: 16.89 MBF/Hr. • With delay: 15.52 MBF/Hr. • With delay: 13.98 MBF/Hr. • Cost/SMH: $407.51 • Cost/SMH: $491.44 • Cost/PMH: $611.95 • Cost/PMH: $741.07 August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 28 Bangor, ME
Cable Yarding vs. Grapple Yarding Plot of DFCT Given Outhaul Distance and Number of Stems Plot of DFCT Given Outhaul Distance and Number of Stems 5.4 4.1 3.7 4.4 Observed Observed 3.3 3.4 2.9 2.4 2.5 1.4 2.1 1.4 2.4 3.4 4.4 5.4 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.1 Predicted Predicted DFCT (min.) = 1.94515 + 0.00104797*Outhaul_Distance DFCT (min.) = 3.3581 - 0.132014*#Stems + 0.0753253*#Stems R-squared (adj. for d.f.) = 55.7425 % R-squared (adj. for d.f.) = 10.6615 % August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 29 Bangor, ME
Cable Yarding vs. Grapple Yarding CY and GY DFCT with Multiple Stem Counts 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 CY 2 Stems DFCT (min.) CY 3 Stems 3.0 CY 4 Stems GY 2 Stems 2.8 GY 3 Stems 2.6 GY 4 Stems 2.4 2.2 2.0 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 Outhaul Distance (ft.) August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 30 Bangor, ME
Productivity & Cost Comparison at 600’ CY and GY DFCT at 600' w/Multiple Stems 3.15 3.10 3.05 3.00 DFCT (min.) 2.95 CY 2.90 GY 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.70 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 No. Stems August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 31 Bangor, ME
Productivity & Cost Comparison at 600’ CY and GY MBF/PMH at 600' w/Multiple Stems 30 28 26 24 22 MBF/Hr 20 CY GY 18 16 14 12 10 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 No. Stems August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 32 Bangor, ME
Productivity & Cost Comparison at 600’ CY and GY Unit Cost at 600' $70.00 $60.00 $50.00 $40.00 $/MBF CY $30.00 GY $20.00 $10.00 $0.00 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 No. Stems August 4, 2017 COFE 2017 Annual Meeting 33 Bangor, ME
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