Some EU and US experiences in Some EU and US experiences in eutrophication assessment for assessment for eutrophication transitional and coastal waters transitional and coastal waters http://www.eutro.org J.G.Ferreira S.B. Bricker EU Joint Research Centre Assessment of Eutrophication in European Water Policy September 14-15 th 2004 NOAA – U.S.A. http://www.nccos.noaa.gov IMAR – Portugal http://www.imar.pt
Topics Topics � Typology and eutrophication assessment Typology and eutrophication assessment � 4 � Intercalibration and natural pressures Intercalibration and natural pressures � 2 Slides � Testing pressure changes due to measures Testing pressure changes due to measures � 3 � ASSETS, COMPP and ECOSTAT ASSETS, COMPP and ECOSTAT � 3 � Final comments Final comments � 1 13+2 Guadiana estuary, Portugal
Typology reality check Typology reality check ecosystem reality ecosystem reality Stressors (pressure) (spatial/temporal variability) A A Natural C C conditions Frequency B B Symptom level Threshold A Threshold C
Transitional water residence time and species number A factor in reference conditions for phytoplankton species composition 450 Species data: 1929-1998 Sado Nº species = 14.77T r + 122.9 400 r = 0.93 (p< 0.01) 350 Tejo Number of species Ria de 300 Aveiro 250 200 Mondego Guadiana 150 100 Minho 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Estuarine residence time (days) Ferreira, J.G., Wolff, W.J., Simas, T.C. & Bricker, S.B., 2004. Does biodiversity of estuarine phytoplankton depend on hydrology? Submitted.
Classification issues Classification issues NEEA NEEA � Florida Bay: Highly sensitive system is severely impacted when � chlorophyll a reaches 5 µ g L -1 , which is considered Low by the NEEA/ASSETS category definition � Narraguagus Bay: Naturally occurring nuisance and toxic blooms � which come into the system from the ocean � US NW coast: HAB events due to upwelling relaxation occurring � offshore, transported into the coastal bays and estuaries Others Others � Similar issues for HAB, e.g. in the EU Western Iberian Atlantic � region or the Benguela upwelling � D.O. thresholds set in absolute terms penalize water bodies with a � naturally lower capacity to dissolve O 2 , due to higher T and S � Short residence times or high natural turbidity favour shifts from � pelagic to benthic symptoms of eutrophication � Use of means instead of medians or a percentile based approach � may misclassify systems subject to short extreme events
US typology US typology Example: Division into ten types DISCO – – Deluxe Integrated Deluxe Integrated DISCO 1. Mean depth; System for Clustering System for Clustering 2. Percentage open mouth; Operations (successor of Operations (successor of 3. Tide height; LOICZView) ) LOICZView 4. log (freshwater flow/area); 5. Mean air temperature. S. V. Smith, R. W. Buddemeier, S. B. Bricker, P. Pacheco, A. Mason, B.A. Maxwell. Estuarine Typology: Perturbations and Eutrophication Responses. ASLO/TOS ORC, February 2004.
July 2003 – Mean Chl July 2003 – Mean Chl RSDAS SeaWiFS Chlorophyll a a in in Chlorophyll chlorophyll composite the North Sea the North Sea REVAMP algorithm MERIS chlorophyll composite Courtesy Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK
Harmful Algal Bloom(?) Harmful Algal Bloom(?) Advection to the coast from offshore fronts May 2000 Courtesy Joint Research Centre, Ispra http://marine.jrc.cec.eu.int/
Relationship between data, research Relationship between data, research models and screening models models and screening models Measured data Partial Full Yes No Knowledge screening screening gaps? model model Yes Research model Yes No Knowledge gaps? Research model scenarios based on management measures
Different pressure scenarios Different pressure scenarios Effluent inputs and top- -down control down control Effluent inputs and top No land inputs, no bivalves 8 µ g chl a L -1 Effects of land inputs and grazing pressure on phytoplankton in the 6 Ria Formosa. Results from EcoWin2000, with nine boxes 4 2 Land inputs, no bivalves 0 8 0 µ g chl a L -1 180 360 540 720 Julian day 6 Land inputs and bivalves 8 µ g chl a L -1 4 6 2 4 0 0 180 360 540 720 2 Julian day 0 0 180 360 540 720 Julian day Newton, A., Icely, J.D., Falcão, M., Nobre, A., Nunes, J.P., Ferreira, J.G. & Vale, C., 2003. Evaluation of Eutrophication in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon, Portugal. Continental Shelf Research, 23, 1945-1961.
Ria Formosa – –ASSETS ASSETS validation & model scenarios validation & model scenarios Ria Formosa Index Index Methods Parameters Value Level of expression Chlorophyll a 0.25 PSM Overall Epiphytes 0.50 0.57 Eutrophic a Macroalgae 0.96 Moderate t a d d Condition (OEC) e l F i MODERATE LOW Dissolved Oxygen 0 ASSETS OEC: 4 Submerged Aquatic 0.25 0.25 SSM Vegetation Low Nuisance and Toxic 0 Blooms Chlorophyll a 0.25 Overall PSM Epiphytes 0.50 0.58 Eutrophic h c a r e s e R Macroalgae 1.00 Moderate Condition (OEC) e l d m o MODERATE Dissolved Oxygen 0 ASSETS OEC: 4 LOW Submerged Aquatic 0.25 0.25 SSM Vegetation Low 28% lower Nuisance and Toxic 0 Blooms Chlorophyll a 0.25 Overall PSM Model Epiphytes 0.50 0.42 Eutrophic green Macroalgae 0.50 Moderate Condition (OEC) MODERATE scenario Dissolved Oxygen 0 LOW ASSETS OEC: 4(5) Submerged Aquatic 0.25 0.25 SSM Vegetation Low Nuisance and Toxic 0 Blooms A.M.Nobre, J.G.Ferreira, A.Newton, T.Simas, J.D.Icely & R.Neves, 2004. Managing eutrophication: Integration of field data, ecosystem-scale simulations and screening models. Submitted.
ASSETS multitype multitype approach for OEC approach for OEC ASSETS A, B and C are types Stressors Symptom 1 (spatial/temporal variability) (pressure) � Symptoms may be qualitatively type- A A Natural specific C Frequency C conditions � Quantitative or B B semi-quantitative symptom thresholds are type-specific Symptom level Symptom 1 Threshold A Threshold C Spatial weighting Temporal weighting Symptom 2 Stressors (spatial/temporal variability) OEC (pressure) A A Frequency Natural C C conditions Symptom 2 B B Spatial weighting Temporal weighting Symptom level Normalized scores are as before, but related to Threshold A Threshold C type-specific thresholds
ECOSTAT adapted for eutrophication eutrophication assessment assessment ECOSTAT adapted for Direct effects/ Indirect effects/ primary symptoms secondary symptoms BQE SQE Do the estimated values Do the hydro- Do the physico-chemical Classify Yes Yes Yes for the biological quality morphological conditions meet high as high conditions meet high elements meet reference status? status conditions? status? No No No Yes Do the estimated values for Do the physico-chemical Classify as good the biological quality conditions (a) ensure status Yes BQE elements deviate only ecosystem functioning SQE slightly from reference and (b) meet the EQSs for condition values? specific pollutants? No No No Yes Classify as Is the deviation moderate? moderate status Yes BQE SQE Greater Classify on the basis of the Yes Classify as poor biological deviation from Is the deviation major? reference conditions status BQE SQE BQE SQE Greater BQE Classify as BQE bad status SQE SQE
Intercalibration between ASSETS and COMPP between ASSETS and COMPP Intercalibration for the Tagus Tagus Estuary, Portugal Estuary, Portugal for the Assessment time period 1976-2000 Method applied OSPAR COMPP ASSETS Causative factors Discharge + 2 Trends Nutrients (N,P, N/P) +,+,+ 1 Direct effects Chlorophyll + 1 (primary symptoms) Nuisance/ -/- 0 toxic species Macrophytes - 0 SAV - 0 Indirect effects Oxygen - 0.12 (secondary symptoms) Zoobenthos - Not app. Fish kills - Not app. Toxins - Not app. Integration -,-,- 5,4,4 Overall Classification NPA 4 U.Brockmann, D.Topcu, U.Claussen, S.B.Bricker, J.G.Ferreira, M.Dowell, T.Raabe & W.Zevenboom, 2004. COMPASS, a proposed eutrophication classification, considering the WFD, based on COMPP and ASSETS. In prep.
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