SMART ULSS FORUM Electricity March , 2008 Patricia Hoffman - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SMART ULSS FORUM “Electricity” March , 2008 Patricia Hoffman Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability US Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability U.S. Department of Energy – 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585

The Electric Grid is a Complex System with Unique Characteristics Physically § Never holistically designed, grid developed incrementally in response to local load growth Today, there are: 30,000 Transmission paths; over 180,000 § miles of transmission line 14,000 Transmission substations § Distribution grid connects these substations § with over 100 million loads, i.e. residential, industrial, and commercial customers § Diverse industry w/o a common voice 3,170 traditional electric utilities § 239 investor-owned, 2,009 publicly owned, § 912 consumer-owned rural cooperatives, and 10 Federal electric utilities Uniqueness § Two things make electricity unique: Technically Lack of flow control 1. § Electricity flows within three major interconnections Lack of large-scale energy storage 2. along paths of lowest impedance (at the speed of light); yet the grid is operated in a decentralized § Change either of these and the grid delivery manner by over 140 control areas system will be transformed § Demand is uncontrolled; electricity is the ultimate “just-in-time” production process

Electric Power Infrastructure − State Sited

Communications Integration Plug-in Hybrids

Cyber Threat Trends Attacker sophistication has decreased due to proliferation of Easy-to-Use (automated) attack tools Current cyber security initiatives for SCADA/PCS place industry defenses circa 1994, Malicious Code and thus empowers attackers with high-impact Morphing (easy) vectors High “Stealth”/Advanced BOTS Scanning Techniques Zombies Denial of Service Intruder Knowledge Distributed Attack Tools WWW Attacks Network Management Diagnostics Current SCADA/PCS Sweepers Back Doors Automated Probes/Scans Disabling Audits Zone of Defense GUI Packet Spoofing War Dialing Sniffers Hijacking Sessions Burglaries Exploiting Known Vulnerabilities Password Cracking Self-Replicating Code Password Guessing Low 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Attack Sophistication Courtesy of Idaho National Laboratory

Resiliency/N-X Contingency Isolation of critical services-MUST RUN Backup, Diversity and Redundancy Recovery

Visualization and Controls Transmission Reliability Phasor Measurements, Real Time Wide-Area Situational Awareness, Visualization, Infrastructure Monitoring, Alarming, and Control GOAL Industry • Small Signal • 1996 Western § TVA Super • Real Time • CAISO § EIPP -> Approach to Stability Interconnection PDC Dynamics Operating NASPI Monitoring Blackouts Monitoring Engineers Phasor § WECC § Intelligent § IEEE 37.118 System Workstation WAMTF Technology Alarming • 2003 Northeast § State § Research Research and Blackout § NIST • Baselining Estimation Roadmap SynchroLab Static Angles Applications: § Adaptive in East Islanding § Visualization § State Estimation § Mode Monitoring Cleveland § Alarming § Real Time Controls VISUALIZATION FOR WIDE-AREA FORENSIC SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS/ INDUSTRY PROBLEM INFRASTRUCTURE AWARENESS BASELINING ADOPTION IDENTIFICATION DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS

Reliability Metrics and Compliance Monitoring Tools GOAL Visualization, Compliance, Monitoring, Infrastructure, Real Time Wide-Area Common Wide- Standards Compliance and Situational Awareness Area, Real Time § Wide-area • 1999 Low § Wide-area § Interchange § Performance § CPS-BAAL visualization real time Error (AIE) Frequency standards monitoring and Monitoring infrastructure ACE-Frequency Monitoring Events on research, analysis monitoring tool Platform – Eastern validation, field Interconnection • Relational trials • Wide-area • Research for Standards time-series • Suppliers • Declining Inadvertent • Resources situational database performance for Compliance, Key System Monitoring adequacy load- awareness for AGC and Performance generation resource Metrics for frequency • Frequency analysis and adequacy response Excursions assessment Reliability Intelligent Layer 4 – Wide-Area Visualization Solutions Layer 4 – Wide-Area Visualization Solutions Layer 4 – Wide-Area Visualization Solutions COUNT OF FREQUENCY DISTURBANCES > 28 mHz Alarms, Reports, BY MONTH, BY HOUR OF DAY Geo-Graphic Multi-View Multi-Layer Geo-Graphic Multi-View Multi-Layer Geo-Graphic Multi-View Multi-Layer Dashboards Dashboards Dashboards RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONS RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONS RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONS 23 - 24 22 - 23 21 - 22 20 - 21 Layer 3 – Wide-Area Real Time Monitoring Applications – Risk, Probabilistic Based Layer 3 – Wide-Area Real Time Monitoring Applications – Risk, Probabilistic Based 19 - 20 18 - 19 17 - 18 16 - 17 and Event RESEARCH FOR RESEARCH FOR 15 - 16 Real-Time Real-Time Real-Time Real-Time Real Time Real Time 14 - 15 Voltage Security Voltage Security FUTURE FUTURE 13 - 14 ACE-Frequency, ACE-Frequency, Dynamics Dynamics Suppliers Suppliers 12 - 13 Monitoring and Monitoring and SITUATIONAL SITUATIONAL 11 - 12 Performance Performance 10 - 11 CPS-BAAL, AIE CPS-BAAL, AIE Monitoring Monitoring 9 - 10 Assessment Assessment AWARENESS AWARENESS For AGC and FR For AGC and FR 8 - 9 Monitoring Monitoring System (RTDMS) System (RTDMS) 7 - 8 Analysis Situation APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS 6 - 7 5 - 6 4 - 5 Layer 2 – Common Archiving, Event, Alarms and Logging Monitoring Services Layer 2 – Common Archiving, Event, Alarms and Logging Monitoring Services 3 - 4 2 - 3 1 - 2 0 - 1 Jan 2001 Apr 2001 Jul 2001 O ct 2001 Jan 2002 Apr 2002 Jul 2002 O ct 2002 Jan 2003 Apr 2003 Jul 2003 O ct 2003 Jan 2004 Apr 2004 Jul 2004 O ct 2004 Jan 2005 Apr 2005 Jul 2005 O ct 2005 Jan 2006 Apr 2006 Jul 2006 O ct 2006 Jan 2007 Long Term Archiving Database Long Term Archiving Database Awareness Real Time Intelligent Alarm, Real Time Intelligent Alarm, Real Time Data Quality and Real Time Data Quality and With PI -Type Tagging With PI -Type Tagging Event and Disturbance Processor Event and Disturbance Processor Performance Metrics Performance Metrics Characteristics for Historical Characteristics for Historical and Services and Services Reporting and Notification Reporting and Notification 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 28-32 Data Analysis and Assessment Data Analysis and Assessment Visualization Layer 1 – Relational Memory Based Database with Time Series Capability Layer 1 – Relational Memory Based Database with Time Series Capability Count of Events by Month Layer 1 - Data Communications .NET, COM+, OPC, Web Based and Data Conversion (API) Layer 1 - Data Communications .NET, COM+, OPC, Web Based and Data Conversion (API) 1200 Dashboards for 1000 Event Count (Positive > 0.050 Hz, Negative < -0.050 Hz) 800 600 NERC, DOE, and 400 200 0 FERC -200 -400 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 Oct-05 Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 May-06 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 High Low Total PROBLEM INFRASTRUCTURE VISUAL- WIDE-AREA FORENSIC COMPLIANCE IDENTIFICATION DESIGN IZATION MONITORING ANALYSIS MONITORING

Characteristics (Now and Future) § Interoperability § Flexible (generation diversity, disruptive technologies) § Reliable: N-X contingency (X=1, 2, etc) § Eco-centric (Impact) § Provider of Last Resort? § Human behavior (hybrids, demand response)