Smart Light for Ubiquitous Communications Thomas Little Associate Director NSF Smart Lighting Engineering Research Center 05-21-2009
The Smart Lighting ERC � Fundamental advancements in solid-state devices – LEDs – that enable a wide range of new applications in Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here � Bio-imaging � Indoor communications � Outdoor communications / transportation � Display technologies � The plan: exploit the strength of the team � Novel materials � Devices � Downstream systems � Strong commitment to education, supporting underrepresented groups, facilitating technology transfer � 10 years > $18M from National Science Foundation � > $50M via supplementary university, state, industry � Boston University role - applications in communications and networking “Visual Light Communications” 2
Why did we get funded #1? To develop ‘controllable’ light and its down-stream Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here applications Controllability is an enabler Downstream apps define the ‘systems pull’ 3
Controllability is important for � Dynamic and adaptive lighting Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here � For architectural use � For improving visibility � For imaging � For health benefits � Modulation – for communications � Power control � For energy management � Why relevant � Control over the end consumer: lighting � Lights that are individually addressable and controllable � Environments that are adaptive to occupants � And networked enabled 4
So why did we get funded? #2 Huge potential savings by the adoption of LED lighting Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here 5
Comparison � Incandescent Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here � $0.65/bulb � 15 years of electricity: $72.55 � 1000-2000 hours of life � LED � $120/bulb � 15 years of electricity: $9.67 � 20,000-50,000 hours of life � CFL � $4/bulb � 15 years of electricity: $18.14 � 6,000-12,000 hours of life Clearly we need to reduce the device cost of LED lighting 6 Nat Geo March 2009
Quantification of solid-state lighting benefits Energy benefits � 22% of electricity used for lighting LED lighting can be 20 × and 5 × more efficient than incandescent and � Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here fluorescent lighting, respectively � Reduction in energy consumption > 10 20 J (*) Barrels of crude oil not needed: 0.96 × 10 9 (*) � � Power plants not needed: 280 (*) Environmental benefits � Global warming: Reduction of CO2 emissions > 10 Gt (*) � Acid rain: Reduction of SO2 emissions � Mercury, Hg: Reduction of toxic Hg emissions / Hg in homes Financial and economic benefits Reduction in electrical energy cost > 10 12 $ (*) � (*) over 10 years, worldwide, see Schubert et al. Reports on Progress in Physics 69, 3069 (2006) Cause: CO 2 Cause: Waste heat CO 2 ,SO 2 , NO x , Hg, U Cause: SO 2 and acid rain 7 Antarctica Czech Republic Switzerland United States
The Story… � We plan to replace all lighting with LED lighting Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here � LED lighting is driven by on-off cycling on the input � We will modulate data in addition to controlling intensity levels (we’ll improve color and add color control) � We expect data rates competitive with wifi for indoor use, and better for some applications (video streaming) � We’ll make the lighting load controllable, adaptable, and far more efficient � We’ll enable other devices in the “container” to exploit network access and controllability 8
VLC: what it is � Synopsis Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here � Modulated light � Visible spectrum (you can see it) � A la ship to ship Morse code � Point to point in simplest form � Illumination + communication in the dominant scenarios Source Intensity Observer Time 9
Office Scenario Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here 10
Three Control Loops GPS Epidemiology WPAN Resource Allocation Privacy Physician Analysis Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here RFID Zigbee Aggregation Localization Computational Sensor Modalities Performance BAN Loop Local Internet control Scope: Organ Person Group Population Time scale: < 100ms <10s <100s
Home Scenario Internet access Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Wireless thermostat Auto replenishment with tagged items ble/DSL/Fiber 12 Networked boiler/HVAC
Home Gateway Opportunity How: Utility side Customer side •Optical Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here •RF •PL •CAT5 Interface for •Future •Monitoring Home Home •Control network Gateway Access for •Appliances Gaps? •Smart Lighting •Multiple providers (utilities, •HVAC telecoms) •Computers •Design for robustness •Entertainment •Privacy Load •Personal Health care Home Gateway is key component to accessing status and control of network-enabled devices 13
Prototypes Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here 14
Summary Points � Smart Lighting: An opportunity to embed networking Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here � Low energy use � Networking where there is illumination � Ubiquitous communication is an enabler � Mobile wireless devices, embedded networked sensors, RFID, WiFi hotspots, transportation � Better data and control from/to the physical world � LED-based communication and networking has important advantages: � Bandwidth, bandwidth density � Privacy--security, bypassing RF � Ubiquity if piggybacked on lighting � Unregulated spectrum � Control 15
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here ADDITIONAL SLIDES 16
VLC: Where it Matters � Deliver HD video to individual seats From Airbus (www.airbus.com) � Airbus holds > 500 people; HD requires 13 Mb/s; short range Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here personal lighting/communication for channel isolation; copper is heavy. High bandwidth density (>10 Mb/m 3 ) � Localized communication between vehicles � Emerging safety-oriented technology: active braking, traffic monitoring; warning message propagation. � Directional transmission, PRF < 1%, < 100ms latency � Indoor localization � Finding roaming patients and doctors in a hospital; RF techniques can be problematic; lights can be uniquely modulated with ID; tagging bats; security in downlink channel. Data trickle. Courtesy of Thomas Kunz � Providing opportunistic mobile access � Hotspots wherever there is illumination. Ubiquity. � Moving vehicles. Internet access � Mesh networks 17
Do We Need This? � There is little demand for VLC today Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here � VLC is a technology looking for a problem � VLC has potential primarily as an opportunistic medium � Energy Neutral � Challenge: can we provide a useful communications physical layer � That does not add significantly to cost of lighting? � That is energy efficient? � That supports a broad enough range of applications (low and high data rates)? 18
Bridging to LAN Access Point Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Modified Linksys Router 19
National Science Foundation Engineering Research Centers Program � The ERC Challenge: Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here � Create and sustain an integrated, cross-disciplinary research environment to advance fundamental engineering knowledge and engineered systems � Educate a globally competitive and diverse engineering workforce from K-12, and higher education � Join academia and industry in partnership to achieve these goals � 20 year history of success � New in ’08: strong emphasis on the initiation and development of new technology-related small businesses -- startups � Initiated proposal development in the spring of 2006… � 36 direct participants � 22 committed member companies � 20+ indirect academic participants 20
VLC transformational Impact Human created lighting sources will be dual use for Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here illumination and… • communication • control • automation • safety • information access enabled by ubiquitous smart lighting systems
Energy and Intensity Today Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Light Sources Typical Power Luminous Luminous Efficiency 3 Output 60W 1 Incandescent 15lm/W 900lm Fluorescent 32W 1 2560lm 80lm/W 400W 1 High-intensity 100lm/W 40000lm discharge LED 10W 2 150lm/W 4 1500lm 1. US Department of Energy (DOE) 2006 Solid-State Lighting Research and Development Portfolio; Multi-year program plan (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/ssl_multiyear_plan.pdf) 2. Let There Be Light (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1030972&isnumber=22144) 3. Solid-state lighting—a benevolent technology (Fred doc) 4. Assume 50% of theoretical maximum is achievable 22
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