27/05/2014 Small Scale Fisheries and Food Security United Nations Open ‐ ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and Law of the Sea Fifteenth Meeting: “The Role of Seafood in Global Food Security” May 27 ‐ 30, 2014 New York, USA Brian Crawford, Ph.D. Interim Director Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography Adjunct Faculty, Department of Marine Affairs University of Rhode Island Email: brian@crc.uri.edu Small Scale Fisheries and Food Security • Importance of fish in food security • Small pelagics and food security • Challenges to sustaining fish food supply • The way forward 1
27/05/2014 Fish is an Important Source of Animal Protein Especially in Countries with High Food Insecurity Animal Source Food Consumption Child Stunting Source: http://www.fishingfuture.org/ Briefing paper 6 Nutritional Value of Small Pelagic Fishes Table 1. The nutrient content of fish and other foods (per 100g)* Fat Total Scientific name Total lipid saturated fat Total PUFA Vitamin A /common name (local Group name/common name) Protein (g) (fat; g) (g) (g) EPA (g) DHA (g) Ca (mg) Fe (mg) Zn (mg) (RAE) † Marine fish Anchovy 20.35 4.84 1.28 1.637 0.538 0.911 147 3.25 1.72 15 Herring 16.39 9.04 2.04 2.423 0.969 0.689 83 1.12 0.99 32 Mackerel 18.60 13.89 3.26 3.350 0.898 1.401 12 1.63 0.63 50 Milkfish 20.53 6.73 1.67 1.840 51 0.32 0.82 30 Sardine 24.60 11.45 1.53 5.148 0.470 0.509 382 2.92 1.31 33 Other animal ‐ Beef ground 14.30 30.00 11.29 0.696 24 1.64 3.57 0 sourced foods Chicken breast 14.70 15.75 3.26 3.340 19 1.11 0.78 0 RAE, retinol activity equivalents. Bold indicates high content values Adapted from: Kawarazuka and Béné, 2011. Public health nutrition , 14 (11), 1927 ‐ 1938. 2
27/05/2014 Small Scale Fisheries and Small Pelagic Fish Global small pelagic landings in 2012 17,252,763 MT (> 25% marine landings) • Ghana • Canoe fleet is 92 % of direct employment • Percent of total landings: 2007 – 73% 2012 ‐ 28% SOURCE: FAO Fisheries Statistics SOURCE: 3 rd National Fisheries Dialogue WorldFish USAID ‐ URI ICFG. 2013 Challenges in Sustaining Wild Caught Fish Food Supply • Overfishing and overcapacity • Subsidies • Poor governance • IUU fishing 3
27/05/2014 Recovery is Possible Senegal says its fishing resources are being pillaged IUU fishing in 2011 Approximately 350,000 MT • Value of catch: US$ 292 million • SOURCE: UBC ‐ URI Tech Report 2013 USAID COMFISH Project Senegal seizes Russian vessel Oleg Naydenov for illegal fishing SOURCE: BBC News Africa: 6 January 2014 4
27/05/2014 Food for Local Consumption or for Export? “We must … review the permits granted to factories. If our people no longer have enough to eat, we must stop exporting.” Diapa Diop Under ‐ Secretary for Traditional Fishing Senegal Guardian Weekly, 18 February 2014 “Invisible” Fisheries Empowering Women 5
27/05/2014 Resource Management “THEREFORE, I HEREBY • Declare the area congruent with the Tanbi National Park as a Special Management Area for the purposes of fisheries management. Exclusive • Designate The TRY Association as use zones having exclusive use rights to the cockle and oyster fishery in this area. • Delegate authority for the responsible and sustained management and conservation of the cockle and oyster resources in this area to The TRY Association.” Seasonal closures Signed: Size limits Minister of Fisheries, Water Resources and National Assembly Matters Mangrove protection Lifting women out of poverty: a whole systems approach • Association strengthening • Literacy training • Savings and micro ‐ credit • Product value added • Water and sanitation 6
27/05/2014 The Way Forward • Focus mgt on low ‐ cost, high ‐ nutrition small pelagics • Empower fishers via ecosystem ‐ scaled co ‐ mgt & use rights • Improve value/supply chains for local fish products • Reduce IUU fishing • Transform subsidies to positive incentives/investments National governments need to carefully consider policy instruments and other safeguards that ensure adequate low ‐ cost and sustainable fish food supplies are maintained for local populations rather than export 7
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