Slide 1 / 123 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning - PDF document

Slide 1 / 123 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others. Click to go to website: www.njctl.org Slide 2 / 123 Organic Chemistry Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Slide 3 / 123 Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is the backbone of biological molecule Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids could not form. Stearate C 17 H 36 O 2

Slide 4 / 123 Organic Chemistry Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms Slide 5 / 123 Organic Chemistry Carbon has four valence electrons to make covalent bonds Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms Electron configuration is the key to an atom’s characteristics Electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms Slide 6 / 123 1 Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of A functional groups. B vital forces interacting with matter. C carbon compounds. water and its interaction with other D kinds of molecules. E inorganic compounds.

Slide 7 / 123 2 Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom? A Carbon has 6 to 8 neutrons. B Carbon has a valence of 4. C Carbon forms ionic bonds. D A and C only E A, B, and C Slide 8 / 123 3 How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A 1 B 2 C 4 D 6 E 8 Slide 9 / 123 4 What type/s of bond/s does carbon have a tendency to form? A Ionic Hydrogen B Covalent C A and B D E A, B and C

Slide 10 / 123 5 Organic chemistry is currently defined as the study of compounds that can be made only by A living cells. B the study of carbon compounds. C the study of vital forces. the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) D compounds. the study of hydrocarbons. E Slide 11 / 123 Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. There are two major categories: Aliphatic and Aromatic Aliphatic hydrocarbons : compounds with carbon atoms connected in a straight chain Aliphatic compounds consist of three classes of compounds: · Alkanes · Alkenes · Alkynes Aromatic hydrocarbons : compounds with carbon atoms connected to form cyclic structure and with an aroma (smell or odor) Slide 12 / 123 Aliphatic hydrocarbon: Alkanes Hydrocarbon chains made up of all SINGLE carbon bonds They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons They are “saturated” with hydrogens Name uses the ending -ane Examples: Methane, Propane, Butane, Octane

Slide 13 / 123 Aliphatic hydrocarbon: Alkanes The general formula C n H 2n+2 n = number of carbon atoms Formula Name Formula Name Hexane CH 4 Methane Heptane C 2 H 6 Ethane C 3 H 8 Propane Octane C 4 H 10 Butane Nonane C 5 H 12 Pentane Decane (The students can fill this) Slide 14 / 123 Aliphatic hydrocarbon: Alkanes Slide 15 / 123 Aliphatic hydrocarbon: Alkanes Hydrocarbons are non polar. All C-H bonds are nonpolar. As the number of electrons in the molecule increases ( larger molecules), it would be easily polarizable and hence the LD forces increases. This increases the bpt. of the higher alkanes.

Slide 16 / 123 Aliphatic hydrocarbon: Alkanes Straight chain alkanes: An alkane that has all its carbons connected in a row. CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3 Branched chain alkanes: An alkane that has a branching connection of carbons. CH 3 CH 3 -CH-CH 2 -CH 3 Slide 17 / 123 Alkanes: Ethane Structural formula Condensed formula CH 3 - CH 3 H H H C C H H H Branched chain Slide 18 / 123 Alkanes Isopentane Pentane CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 3 CH 3 - CH(CH 3 ) - CH 2 - CH 3 Neopentane C(CH 3 ) 4 Branched chain

Slide 19 / 123 6 What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble in water? The majority of their bonds are polar covalent A carbon to hydrogen linkages The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent B carbon to hydrogen linkages They are hydrophilic C They exhibit considerable molecular complexity D and diversity They are lighter than water E Slide 20 / 123 Alkenes Alkenes have at least one 1 double bond between two carbon atoms. General formula: C n H 2n The name uses the ending -ene The first member would be C 2 H 4 - Ethene (from 2 carbon parent, ethane) Ethene C 3 H 6 - Propene Slide 21 / 123 Alkynes Alkyne general formula: C n H 2n-2 They must have at least one triple bond The name uses the ending -yne C 2 H 2 Ethyne or commonly known as acetylene C 3 H 4 Propyne or propylene Ethyne

Slide 22 / 123 Aliphatic hydrocarbons Ball and stick Space filling Structural Molecular model model formula formula Slide 23 / 123 Cycloalkanes Carbon can also form ringed structures. Five and six-membered rings are most stable. They can take on conformations in which their bond angles are very close to the tetrahedra angle. Smaller rings are quite strained Slide 24 / 123 Aromatic hydrocarbons They have benzene ring structure (hexagon) and a particular aroma. CH 3 Benzene Toluene (methyl benzene)

Slide 25 / 123 7 Hydrocarbons are polar. A B are held together by ionic bonds. contain nitrogen. C contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms. D are held together by hydrogen bonds. E Slide 26 / 123 8 Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? A C 3 H 8 B C 2 H 6 CH 4 C C 2 H 4 D C 2 H 2 E Slide 27 / 123 9 The gasoline consumed by an automobile is a fossil fuel consisting mostly of aldehydes A amino acidd B alcohols C hydrocarbons D thiols E

Slide 28 / 123 10 Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called __________. alkenes A B alkynes C aromatics D alkanes ketones E Slide 29 / 123 11 Which is the formula of an alkane? C 10 H 10 A C 10 H 18 B C 10 H 20 C C 10 H 22 D C 10 H 24 E Slide 30 / 123 12 Hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds are called________. alkenes A alkynes B aromatics C alkanes D ketones E

Slide 31 / 123 13 Which is the formula of an alkyne? C 10 H 10 A C 10 H 18 B C 10 H 20 C C 10 H 22 D C 10 H 24 E Slide 32 / 123 14 The molecular geometry of each carbon atom in an alkane is ________. octahedral A square planar B trigonal planar C tetrahedral D trigonal pyramidal E Slide 33 / 123 15 The general formula of an alkane is _______. C 2n H 2n+2 A B C n H 2n C C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n-2 D C n H n E

Slide 34 / 123 An alkene has at least one ________ and has the 16 general formula ______. C-C single bond, C n H 2n+2 A C-C double bond, C n H 2n B C-C triple bond, C n H 2n C C-C double bond, C n H 2n-2 D C-C triple bond, C n H 2n-2 E Slide 35 / 123 17 The compound below is an _________. alkyne A alkene B alkane C D aromatic compound olefin E Slide 36 / 123 18 Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is __________. less dense than water A less viscous than wtaer B nonpolar and water is polar C volatile and water is not D polar and water is nonpolar E

Slide 37 / 123 19 Which substance would be the most soluble in gasoline? water A NaNO 3 B HCl C hexane D NaCl E Slide 38 / 123 20 ________ could be the formula of an alkene. C 3 H 8 A C 3 H 6 B C 6 H 6 C D C 17 H 36 CH 8 E Slide 39 / 123 Isomers Hydrocarbons exhibit a phenomenon called isomerism- existence of different molecular arrangement but same formula. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties: Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms Geometric isomers have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other

Slide 40 / 123 Isomers Structural Isomers Slide 41 / 123 Isomers cis isomer: trans isomer: The The two CH 3 two CH 3 are on are on the opposite sides. same side. Geometric Isomers Slide 42 / 123 Isomers Enantiomers are isomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images Enantiomers (optical isomers) Enantiomers differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images, like left and right hands. The two isomers are designated the L and D isomers from the Latin for left and right ( levo and dextro ). Enantiomers cannot be superimposed on each other.

Slide 43 / 123 Bond Angle at Each C Atom Alkene Alkyne Alkane Slide 44 / 123 21 Structural isomers are molecules that A are enantiomers. B are hydrocarbons. C have a ring structure. D are mirror images. differ in the covalent arrangements of E their atoms. Slide 45 / 123 22 The two molecules shown here are best described as CH 3 - CH 2 -O-H optical isomers A CH 3 -O-CH 3 radioactive isotopes B structural isomers C nonradioactive isotopes D geometric isomers E