Single-blind testing of a regional, continuous monitoring system for - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Single-blind testing of a regional, continuous monitoring system for - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jul 17, 2023 35 likes •275 views

Single-blind testing of a regional, continuous monitoring system for finding methane leaks from oil and gas operations Caroline Alden 1,2 , Sean Coburn 2 , Robert Wright 2 , Esther Baumann 3 , Kevin Cossel 3 , Colm Sweeney 4 , Anna Karion 3 , Alex

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SLIDE 1

Single-blind testing of a regional, continuous monitoring system for finding methane leaks from oil and gas operations

Caroline Alden1,2, Sean Coburn2, Robert Wright2, Esther Baumann3, Kevin Cossel3, Colm Sweeney4, Anna Karion3, Alex Rybchuk2, Kuldeep Prasad3, Ian Coddington3, Gregory Rieker2

1Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, 2University of Colorado, 3National Institute of Standards and Technology, 4National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

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SLIDE 2
  • Approach to methane monitoring
  • METEC oil & gas test site
  • Single-blind test results
  • Regional, continuous methane leak monitoring

2

Outline

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SLIDE 3

Approach to methane leak detection

3

  • Locate mobile spectrometer in a central location

Coburn, Alden et al. Optica, 5 (2018) Alden, Coburn et al. AMT, 11 (2018)

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SLIDE 4

Approach to methane leak detection

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  • Locate mobile spectrometer in a central location
  • Deploy retroreflective mirrors in field

Coburn, Alden et al. Optica, 5 (2018) Alden, Coburn et al. AMT, 11 (2018)

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SLIDE 5

Approach to methane leak detection

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  • Locate mobile spectrometer in a central location
  • Deploy retroreflective mirrors in field
  • Sequentially measure atmospheric CH4 along open paths

1+ km

Coburn, Alden et al. Optica, 5 (2018) Alden, Coburn et al. AMT, 11 (2018)

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SLIDE 6

Approach to methane leak detection

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  • Locate mobile spectrometer in a central location
  • Deploy retroreflective mirrors in field
  • Sequentially measure atmospheric CH4 along open paths
  • Determine species concentration

Coburn, Alden et al. Optica, 5 (2018) Alden, Coburn et al. AMT, 11 (2018)

  • < 5 ppb CH4 precision over 1+ km paths in 2 mins
  • Handles multi-species absorption interference
  • Water measured directly  dry-air mole fractions
  • High stability over time, little to no instrument drift
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SLIDE 7

Approach to methane leak detection

7

  • Locate mobile spectrometer in a central location
  • Deploy retroreflective mirrors in field
  • Sequentially measure atmospheric CH4 along open paths
  • Determine species concentration, track variability through time

Coburn, Alden et al. Optica, 5 (2018) Alden, Coburn et al. AMT, 11 (2018) Dry [CH4] Dry [CO2] [H2O]

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SLIDE 8

Approach to methane leak detection

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  • Locate mobile spectrometer in a central location
  • Deploy retroreflective mirrors in field
  • Sequentially measure atmospheric CH4 along open paths
  • Determine species concentration, track variability through time, couple with

atmospheric modeling and inversions

Coburn, Alden et al. Optica, 5 (2018) Alden, Coburn et al. AMT, 11 (2018) Dry [CH4] Dry [CO2] [H2O]

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SLIDE 9

METEC oil & gas test site

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METEC (Methane Emissions Technology Evaluation Center) “Hollywood well set”: decommissioned equipment plumbed with controlled leaks

CU Mobile Lab

Fort Collins, Colorado

Alden, Coburn et al,. In Prep

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SLIDE 10

METEC oil & gas test site

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Spectrometer located >1 km away to the SW METEC (Methane Emissions Technology Evaluation Center) Fort Collins, Colorado

Alden, Coburn et al,. In Prep

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SLIDE 11

METEC oil & gas test site

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Pad C Pad B Pad A

Detection: is there a leak? Attribution: where is the leak? Quantification: how big is the leak?

Alden, Coburn et al,. In Prep

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SLIDE 12

Pad A: 6/6 leaks detected at pad A Pad B: 6/6 leaks detected at pad B Pad C: 5/5 leaks detected at pad C 1/1 false detection avoided

Single-blind test results: Detection

12

Pad C Pad B Pad A

✓ ✓ ✓

Alden, Coburn et al,. In Prep

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SLIDE 13

Pad A

Single-blind test results: Attribution

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Pad C

TANK WELL SEPARATOR

Pad B

TANK WELL SEPARATOR

Orientation of pad C with respect to spectrometer made component-level detection difficult Pad A: Sub-pad level sub-pad identified in 6 of 6 cases Pad B: Component-level component identified in 6 of 6 cases Pad C: Component-level component identified in 2 of 5 cases

✓ ✓

Alden, Coburn et al,. In Prep

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SLIDE 14

Single-blind test results: Quantification

14

Pad B

TANK WELL SEPARATOR

Test 10

True leak 3.9 ± 2 scfh (0.7 kg/hr) leak from separator regulator flange Leak estimate 3.5 ± 1 scfh (0.6 kg/hr) from separator house pressure-reducing valve

Beam 1 Beam 2 Beam 3

Beam 1 Beam 2 Beam 3 Background estimate

Alden, Coburn et al,. In Prep 5-10 ppb enhancements measured over 3.7 hours

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SLIDE 15

Single-blind test results: Quantification

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Controlled rate (Blind Test) Estimated rate (Blind Test) Controlled rate (Ad Hoc, treated as blind) Estimated rate (Ad Hoc, treated as blind) Device-level measurements suggest 90% of all emissions come from leaks > 135 scfh (2.5 kg/hr)!

Alden, Coburn et al,. In Prep Brandt et al., ES&T, 50 (2016)

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SLIDE 16

Regional, continuous methane leak monitoring

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Miller et al., 2013 PNAS

Continuous NOAA/GMD data provide nation-wide statistics

Continuous monitoring of emissions across large areas

Pétron et al., 2014 JGR

Campaigns provide snapshots, reconciliation of emissions estimates

Methane emissions from oil and gas intermittent, unpredictable, and heavy-tailed: a small fraction of sources cause most of the emissions (“super-emitters”) “Missing Link” Continuous monitoring of many sites will provide critical, missing information about time variability of emissions and distributions of “super-emitters”

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SLIDE 17

Thank You

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Contact caroline.alden@colorado.edu Thank you to funding agencies DOE ARPA-E https://arpa-e.energy.gov/ DOE Office of Fossil Energy https://www.energy.gov/fe/office-fossil-energy For more information about METEC site energy.colostate.edu/metec

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SLIDE 18

Extra Slides

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SLIDE 19

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Intensity Tooth spacing < 200 MHz (2 x 10-3 nm) frequency

Equivalent to ~80,000 well-behaved continuous wave lasers

Spectral Bandwidth 179 – 187 THz (1600 – 1670 nm)

chosen here for methane

Frequency Comb Spectroscopy

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SLIDE 20

20

Two frequency comb lasers with slightly offset tooth spacing, give rise to a third comb in the radio frequency (rf) regime

Absorption feature

Optical Frequency (THz):

Too fast to resolve on photodetector

Radio Frequency (MHz):

Resolvable by photodetector

Dual Frequency Comb Spectroscopy

Rieker et al. Optica, 1 (2014)

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SLIDE 21

21

Absorption feature

Optical Frequency (THz):

Too fast to resolve on photodetector

Radio Frequency (MHz):

Resolvable by photodetector

Dual Frequency Comb Spectroscopy

  • Dry-air mole fractions CO2, CH4, H2O, HDO and 13CO2
  • Minimal to no instrument drift
  • Very high precision: < 5 ppb CH4 over 1 km path in 2-5 minutes
  • Measurement of long, open paths through the atmosphere (up to several km)

Rieker et al. Optica, 1 (2014)

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SLIDE 22

Optical Frequency (THz) RF Frequency (MHz)

fr fr ∆fr=fr - fr

E(ν)

Dual Frequency Comb Spectroscopy

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SLIDE 23

fr fr ∆fr=fr - fr

Optical Frequency (THz) RF Frequency (MHz)

Dual Frequency Comb Spectroscopy

E(ν)

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SLIDE 24

Frequency Comb Spectroscopy

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t Passively Mode-locked Laser Time domain Frequency domain

I( f )

fo

With noise, output moves around... but basic comb structure is preserved. Comb can only “translate” and “breathe”

frep T=1 / frep f

>100,000 well-behaved Continuous Wave lasers