Silver Nanoparticles in Medical Applications Brian G. Billones Allan Hancock College Biochemistry & Political Science Erica Lively, Graduate Mentor, Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Advisors: Barbara Herr Harthorn, Women’s Studies & Anthropology Bruce Bimber, Political Science NSF SES 05-31184
Researching Nano Silver � Why Study Nanotechnology in Society? � To study the social risk perception and response to different applications of nanotechnologies. � Understanding Silver Nanoparticles � Antibacterial Properties � Large Surface-to-Volume ratio � Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations � Consumer Products: � Water / Filtration � Clothes � Wound Applications � Electronic Devices
Research Goals � Global Value Chain – “ The full range of activities that are required to bring a product from its conception to its use and beyond. This includes activities such as design, production, marketing, distribution, and support to the final consumer…” www.globalvaluechains.org � Product Analysis � Health Implications � What are the benefits and Who can benefit from them? � Environmental Impact � What happens at the end of the product’s life? � Toxicological Studies � What are the risks imposed to those handling and producing the material? � Acute vs Chronic Exposure � What are the regulations, if any, set forth in companies outside the US for outsourced products.
Creating a Global Value Chain Supply Chain Model: Distribution Components Final Markets Manufacturers & Sales & Inputs Products Beiersdorf Curad (Germany) Fibers Wound Healthcare J & J Manufacturer Sticky-Part Dressing Industry Supporting Environments: Industry of Personal Band-Aid Care Products The supporting environments, The supporting environments, Medical Steps involved in the transformation of raw Steps involved in the transformation of raw Distribution & Sales and Markets help make the Distribution & Sales and Markets help make the Groups both local and global, influence the actors in the both local and global, influence the actors in the materials (nanomaterials) into finished products. materials (nanomaterials) into finished products. product known and available to consumers. product known and available to consumers. supply chain . supply chain .
Methods for Data Collection Focused Search Analysis of Focused Search Analysis of (Internet) Secondary Sources Secondary Sources (Internet) Scientific Journals Scientific Journals Product Literature Product Literature Product & Patent Product & Patent Government Government Databases Databases Documents Documents Company Various Websites Company Various Websites Websites & Databases Websites & Databases
Global Value Chain for Medical Applications with Silver Nanoparticles Inputs Manufacturers Final Products Distribution & Sales Markets Inputs Manufacturers Final Products Distribution & Sales Markets Wound Medical/ Wound Medical/ Raw Materials Company Suppliers Retailers Raw Materials Company Suppliers Retailers Dressings Hygiene Dressings Hygiene Sigma- Silver Sigma- Nanux Curad Silver Nanux Bandages Curad Beiersdorf Bandages Beiersdorf Drugstores Drugstores Aldrich Nitrate (Korea) Aldrich (US) Nitrate (Korea) (US) (Germany) (Germany) (US) (US) Smith & Walgreens Smith & Walgreens Nano Nano Personal Care Nephew Personal Care Nephew Packages & Packages & Products Products Duane Duane (England) (England) Labels Labels Corporation Corporation Reade Reade Nanbabies Sprays Nanbabies Sprays (US) (US) Fine (US) Fine (US) Other Nano Care Other Polymer, Nano Care Polymer, Tech, Ltd. Inputs Inputs Nanosilver Inc. Tech, Ltd. Nanosilver Nano- Inc. Surgical Nano- Surgical (Hong Kong) coatings (Japan) (Hong Kong) coatings (Japan) Medical Medical Instruments Instruments Hospitals Testing Colleges & Hospitals Testing Colleges & Supporting Environments: & Clinics Facilities Universities & Clinics Facilities Universities
Silver Nanoparticles: A Safe Nanoproduct in Medical Applications? Health Implications & Benefits: Health Implications & Benefits: • Strong antibacterial effect – Interferes with bacterial growth by disrupting the • Strong antibacterial effect – Interferes with bacterial growth by disrupting the cell membrane and blocking the metabolism of the bacteria. cell membrane and blocking the metabolism of the bacteria. •Silver wound dressings are used in hospitals for patients with burns and •Silver wound dressings are used in hospitals for patients with burns and infections that resist treatment. infections that resist treatment. •Has the potential to kill many deadly viruses and to prevent disease. •Has the potential to kill many deadly viruses and to prevent disease. e.g., HIV, AIDS e.g., HIV, AIDS •Available for individuals far from medical facilities. •Available for individuals far from medical facilities. e.g., Military Personnel, Travelers e.g., Military Personnel, Travelers
Silver Nanoparticles: A Nanoproduct in Medical Applications Toxicological Studies: Toxicological Studies: •Traditional belief is that silver is relatively safe and non-toxic to mammalian •Traditional belief is that silver is relatively safe and non-toxic to mammalian cells. cells. •Low risk to consumers. •Low risk to consumers. •Long term exposure studies are limited. •Long term exposure studies are limited. •Exposure at the manufacturing level. •Exposure at the manufacturing level. •Organ accumulation may cause possible adverse effects. •Organ accumulation may cause possible adverse effects. •Liver (Rat Studies). •Liver (Rat Studies). •Depletes the antioxidant defense mechanism, which leads to ROS* •Depletes the antioxidant defense mechanism, which leads to ROS* accumulations. accumulations. •Programmed cell death is a final result. •Programmed cell death is a final result. •Skin pigmentation known as argyria can occur with prolonged exposure. •Skin pigmentation known as argyria can occur with prolonged exposure. *Reactive Oxygen Species
Silver Nanoparticles: A Nanoproduct in Medical Applications Argyria - is a condition where the skin turns blue-grey from use of silver. Paul Karason Seen on Oprah Stan Jones US Senate Candidate
Pathways for Entry
Antibacterial Hygienic Silver: Should the Environment Pay the Price? Environmental Concerns: Environmental Concerns: • Silver nanoparticles may kill benign (good) bacteria that help destroy harmful • Silver nanoparticles may kill benign (good) bacteria that help destroy harmful bacteria. bacteria. • This can hurt wastewater treatment facilities. • This can hurt wastewater treatment facilities. • Many types of bacteria live in lakes and streams. The silver may disrupt their • Many types of bacteria live in lakes and streams. The silver may disrupt their aquatic ecosystem. aquatic ecosystem. • Zebra Fish Study. • Zebra Fish Study. (A) Normal zebrafish embryos which developed normally 24 hours post fertilization (hpf). (B) Ag-BSA (5 µg per ml treated embryos at 24 hpf. (C) Dead embryos at 24-48 hpf. By P V Asharani.
CONCLUSIONS • More research is needed that covers long-term usage of silver nanoparticles in humans. • May be a solution to solve health concerns in developing countries and in areas where sanitation is a problem. Future Concerns… ??? Will the benefits outweigh the risks?
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Center for Nanotechnology in Society National Science Foundation INSET Erica Lively Working Group 3 Barbara Herr Harthorn Bruce Bimber Julie Dillemuth
THANK YOU QUESTIONS . COMMENTS? Brian G. Billones billyones@msn.com Nanosilver.wikidot.com
RAT Macrophage Cell Mitochondria Mitochondria 1 micron 1 micron 500 nm 500 nm Nucleus 400 nm 400 nm 200 nm 200 nm 100 nm 100 nm 1 µ m 1 µ m Buzea, Pacheco, and Robbie: Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity. Biointerphases, Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2007. Comparison of rat cell size to nanoparticle size. Human macrophages are two times larger. TEM image reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives Ref. 238.
References � Scientific Journals and Academic Literature � Company Websites � Blogs, Public Discussion Forums � International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON) database Lux Report, 4 th Edition, 2006 � � Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars � Government Sites and Documents
More Information… Of the more than 600 consumer products that contain nano • materials, about 20% contain silver particles. + + Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
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