Shale Gas: Research needs from a European perspective Maria Barrio, SINTEF Petroleum GTS Seminar, 27 th May 2014 Technology for a better society 1
Conventional and unconventional oil and gas Source: America’s New Energy Future: The Unconventional Oil and Gas Revolution and the US Economy. Volume 1: National Economic Contributions. An HIS Report. October 2012. Technology for a better society 2
What is "unconventional"? • Shale gas • Shale oil • Non-shale un-conventionals • Tight gas • Coal bed methane • Methane hydrates • Tar sand (Canada) • Heavy oil (Venezuela) – is this unconventional? • Gas-to-liquid (GTL) Tight oil ≠ Shale oil • Coal-to-liquid (CTL) Resources ≠ Economically recoverable resources Technology for a better society 3
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspectives, 2012 Technology for a better society 4
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspectives, 2012 Technology for a better society 5
Source: World Energy Outlook 2013 Technology for a better society 6
Source: World Energy Outlook 2013 Technology for a better society 7
1: Shale gas is a transnational issue Major unconventional natural gas resources in Europe Technology for a better society
2: Need for independent research based knowledge Public perception Technology for a better society
The role of SINTEF • SINTEF, as a non-commercial foundation, is able and willing to provide objective information. To be in that position, insight in the technical issues is absolutely necessary. SINTEF will provide independent research based knowledge for the industry, • public, politicians and decision makers. Public perception is a critical issue for all decision makers, and the public and politicians should get access to credible information sources. • In those areas where unconventional O&G activities are undertaken, there is also a need for independent R&D in order to ensure continuous efforts to develop and use technology with less environmental impact . Technology for a better society 10
3: Not possible to copy US shale gas production VERSUS Technology for a better society
Multiple disciplines in Shale Gas • Assessment of shale gas potential • Technology for safe exploitation • Environmental impact & footprint • Energy and carbon efficiencies • Regulations, market and policy issues • Public perception Technology for a better society 12
Well data Rock properties TOC from logs using OF-MOD Seismic interpretation Petroleum System Modelling using SEMI Reconstruction of geopressure using SEMI-Pressim* Our modelling * Natural fracturing and pressure modeling in shale gas workflow strategic C15+ ARO Source rock Estimate expulsion and development modelling on basin retention processes of HC in scale using OF- gas shales using SEMI PriMig MOD* Sensitivity and * Output maps: Primary Migration risk analysis - Total organic carbon (TOC) - Hydrogen index (HI) Reservoir - Accu . thickness (m) of organic facies classes Generation C15+ SAT NSO Technology for a better society 13
Gas & Oil Shale Production • Industrial challenges: • Increase recovery and extend production plateau of producing reservoirs Reduce environmental footprints to a public acceptable minimum • • This requires new technology for: • Characterization of low permeability heterogeneous reservoirs • Drilling of horizontal & well sealed wells • Optimized & controlled fracturing • Monitoring of fracturing operations and reservoir scale recovery Particle model for layers in shale Technology for a better society
New Technology for Characterization of low permeability heterogeneous reservoirs • In situ matrix & fracture system permeability from laboratory measurements and geomechanically coupled reservoir simulation • Adsorbed vs. free gas vs. bound water vs. free water… • Water- Shale interaction? • Role of shale anisotropy • A multi-scale challenge! SEM / TEM Optical microscope SEM m mm µm nm FIB/SEM analysis of Mancos Shale (Torsæter et al., SINTEF, SPE 2012) → Technology for a better society 15
Drilling of horizontal & well sealed wells • Borehole stability has to be assured • Drillability in hard rock may be an issue Long term sealing is essential, requires high cement quality • Borehole collapse in h ollow cylinder test performed at SINTEF Experimental tests with small samples • Fast triaxial tests on cm size samples • Uniaxial & Shale punch tests on mm size samples (e.g. drill cuttings) • Core scratch & ultrasonic velocities to assess shale strength In - house developed shale punch test holder for Illustration of undamaged small core sections mm size samples (orange) vs. damaged large samples (white) Technology for a better society 16
Lab Example of fracture initiation: Brazilian tests with high speed camera + AE Mancos Shale (5000 frames per second, Orientation 15°) Mancos Shale (200 frames per second, Orientation 60°) Nat Simpson, MSc project 2013 + Gas Shale SIP; Technology for a better society ARMA 2014
Fracturing in a naturally-fractured formation: Anisotropic in-situ stresses 1 MPa Fractures run • approximately normal to the minimum in-situ stress. 2 MPa 2 MPa • The simulation ends with a fracture breakthrough to the boundary of the model. 1 MPa Technology for a better society
Well integrity • Improved materials and procedures for remediation of well leakages • Diagnostics of well failure Technology for a better society 19
Thanks to the Gas Technology Centre for support to EERA Shale Gas participation Technology for a better society 20
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