SENEGAL Global Applications Program Country Report Haley McIntyre December 15, 2013 ACEP
Introduction Agenda 1. General Overview 2. Energy Sector 3. Institutional Framework 4. Findings
GENERAL OVERVIEW
Geography • Area: 197,000 mi^2 • 11 Provinces • Capital: Dakar www.worldatlas.com www.digiatlas.com
Population • Population: 13.3 million • Growth Rate: 2.5% • 53% under 20 years old • Urban: 45% • Language: French • Religion: • 94% Muslim • 5% Christian • 1% Other maps.nationmaster.com
Vegetation maps.nationmaster.com
Socio-Political Factors • Independence from France 1960 • “Democratic leader in West Africa” – U.S. State Department • President: Macky Sall 4/2/12 – present • 2010 Gender Parity Law – requires half of parties candidates to be women • Women hold 43% seats in National Assembly • Senegal ranks 140 th out of 155 countries on UNDP Gender Development Measure • Ranks 154 th out of 186 countries on the 2012 U.N. Human Development Index
Casamance • Separatists movement active since 1982 – 5,000 killed • Government and rebels signed peace accord in 2004. However, Casamance Movement of Democratic Forces continues to fight (MFDC) • Land mines in area make agriculture difficult • May 2013 12 de-mining volunteers taken hostage www.historyguy.com
ECOWAS Regional Relationships Gambia (Center) Mauritania (North) Independence Portugal 1965 Boarder conflict 1989 Two nations of the same people Fossil Valley Rehab Project Senegambia Senegal River Senegal-Gambia Permanent Secretariat 47% employed in agriculture, 1% Yahya Janneh coup in 1994 arable land Casamance MFDC Mali (West) Guinea-Bissau (South) Positive relations Independence from Portugal 1974 Boarder disputes from colonial times 1998 Civil War: Related to disagreement over Senegal’s Casamance Guinea (South-East) 2012 Military coup d'état Senegal former President Wade backed 2008 coup
Economy Services: 2012 GDP By Sector • Re-export activities, transport, telemarketing, tourism Agriculture products: Agriculture 15% • peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish Industry 23% Services 62% Industries: • agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining; iron ore, zircon, and gold mining Source: CIA World Fact Book
Economy and Employment • GDP – real growth rate 2007 Employment By Sector • 3.5% (2012 est.) • 2.6% (2011 est.) Industry • 4.3% (2010 est.) and Services • GDP - per capita: 23% • $2,100 (2012 est.) Agricultu re • Unemployment rate: 77% • 48% (2007 est.) Source: CIA World Fact Book
ENERGY SECTOR
Energy Use • 2011 Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) 2,858 GWh 1 Petajoule = 277.8 GWh Source: IRENA, 2012
Energy Use Source: IRENA 2012 1 Petajoule = 277.8 GWh
Energy Demand Profile 2012 Energy Use by Sector 4% 14% Households Transportation Industrial Sector 52% Agriculture & Public Services 30% Source: IRENA 2012
Electric Generation • SENELEC national utility has 2012 Electric Generation by Fuel monopoly for national grid Fuel Oil Diesel Hydro Gas transmission and distribution • 60% of total production 2% • GTI-Dakar, ESKOM- 10% Manantali, and IPPs produce 218 MW • SENELEC presentation: 49% “Deficit of generation fulfilled by 150 MW Diesel power plant rental at an annual cost 39% of 106,8 billions CFA Francs (217 Millions USD)” Source: Maristes, 2012
Cost of Electricity
Cost of Importing Oil • All fossil fuels consumed in country are imported • Energy Self-sufficiency • 55% • Not counting biomass, over 90% foreign dependence • Fuel Imports • $1.2 Billion USD • 23.2% of all imports • 35% of its foreign exchange earnings used for oil imports
National Electric Grid Source: IRENA 2012
Rural Electrification Concessions • The rural regions of Senegal that have yet to be electrified are divided into 10 concession regions • Competitive bidding process • Each bidder develops an electrification plan and indicates percentage of funding to provide (minimum 20%), remainder from the State • Must electrify at least 50% of rural population in concession • Exclusive if choose grid extension • Output based subsidy • Minimum of 10% Renewables required for subsidy addition • Creation of a big market: 5,000 to 25,000 clients • 25 year period • Tariffs vary by region • Technology neutral
Rural Concessions Map Source: Fall Sar, 2012
Rural Concessions Results Source: Fall Sarr, 2012
Rural Community Sizes • Rural population accounts for 59% of total population • Approximately13,212 villages • 75% of villages have less than 500 inhabitants (2005)
Electricity Demand in Rural Regions Source: Camblong 2009
Supply of Resources Source: IRENA 2012
Solar Potential http://solargis.info/doc/_pics/freemaps/1000px/ghi/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Senegal-and-Gambia-en.png
Wind Potential • Potential along Northern Coast • 158 kWh/m^2 extracted annually 2005 Northern Coast Wind Analysis • Most suitable use small scale water pumping stations • Windy season coincides with dry season Source: Youm et al., 2005
Taiba N’Diaye Wind Farm • Project Development began 2006 • “First in Senegal and largest • Developer: Sarreole (by capacity) in West Africa” • 153.75 MW • 75 km Dakar • 2 sites – 3 km apart • Site 1: 20 turbines 61.5 MW • Site 2: 30 turbines 92.25 MW • SENELEC grid connected • May 2011 approved sale of carbon credits • May 2013 still negotiating PPA
Hydro Resources Senegal River Gambia River http://www.sy-gabber.nl/gabber/verhalen/waypointstracks/main_waypointstracksENG.htm
Hydropower Development International Rivers • Diama Dam: • Constructed 1986 • 40 km upstream Saint Louis • Prevent encroachment of salt water on irrigation • Manatali Dam • Completed in 1988 without hydropower plant • Began power production 2001 • Produce 740 GWh per year • Highly controversial • SRB Multipurpose Water Resource Development Project • World Bank report Sep 2013 • Dam feasibility studies http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/09/18405843/africa-senegal-river-basin- multi-purpose-water-resources-development-project
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Energy Policies • In 1997, Senegal passed the “Lettre de Developement du Secteur de l’Energie (LPDSE), in order to facilitate more private partnership with its electricity sector • LPSDE broke the nationwide monopoly of SENELEC (Société Nationale d’Electricité du Sénégal), allowing private producers to generate and distribute electricity in rural areas not served by the national utility • Created two new agencies CRSE and ASER • Updated LPDSE 2003 LPSDE 2007 • Currently negotiating National Strategy for Renewable Energy to set a target of 20% renewables in electricity mix by 2020.
Targets and Goals • Senegalese Rural Electrification Action Plan (PASER) • 8% Electricity access to rural households in 2000 • 50% Rural electrification target for 2012 • 62% Rural electrification target by 2022 • Programme 2013-17 (update to LPDSE) Goals: • Natural gas rise to 25-35% • 150 MW gas plant • May 2013 announce deal to Import LNG from U.S. • 25% targeted for coal • 250 MW coal plant to be built by KEPCO • A combined goal of 15% for renewable energy and biofuel has been set for 2020 Source: PERACOD, 2011
Regulatory • The Regulatory Commission for the Electricity Sector (CRSE) • Independent regulating authority • Promote competition, efficiency, and economy in bulk power markets (IRENA, 2012) • Set maximum tariffs • Rural concessions • “One major issue that emerged is that the regulator (CRSE) is currently obliged to approve tariffs for electricity supply to the final consumer, regardless of the size of the installation. This process is time-consuming and acts as a barrier to the implementation of small concessions” (IRENA, 2012).
Stakeholders • Ministry of Renewable Energy (MER ) MER is responsible for framing policies for the promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources • Senegalese Agency for Rural Electrification (ASER) ASER is responsible for Senegal's off-grid rural electrification and power generation. Fully operational in 2005, ASER has been given the responsibility of implementing the strategy for rural electrification (PASER). Source: PERACOD, 2011
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