Sampath Walgama November 3-7, 2014 Xalapa, Veracruz World - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Symbiotic relationship in the tea ecosystem: Tea Shothole borer of Sri Lanka Academic & Technical Workshop on Xyleborus glabratus and Euwallacea fornicatus Sampath Walgama November 3-7, 2014 Xalapa, Veracruz

World Distribution of TSHB Distribution TSHB in the world = Present, no further details = Widespread = Localized

History of TSHB First described in 1868 by Eichoff (host unknown, locality unknown) First observed in 1892 a tea plantation situated in the mid elevations (600-1200m asl) Spread in almost all tea growing areas and presntly gained a pest status in tea plantations from near sea level to about 1400m asl.

0-10 11- 27% 40% 21-30 2% >1200m asl 31-40 0% 13% 8% 41-50 0% 2% 51-60 2% 6% 61-70 71-80 0% 2% 81-90 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 91-100 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 5% 600 - 1200m asl 11% 7% 24% 64% 77% 15% 7% 12% 36% 10% 25% 3% 7% 4% 7% 12% 0% 9% 7% 7% 7% 7% 0% 10% 9% 6% 0% 0% 8% 8% 15% 8% <600m asl 15% 38% 8% Walgama, R.S and R.M.D.T. Pallemulla (2005). The Distribution of Shot-hole borer Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Across Tea Growing Areas in Sri Lanka – A Reassessment. Sri Lanka Journal of Tea Science 70 (2): 105-120

Biology of TSHB ♣ Life cycle - eggs, 3 larval instars, pupa and sexually dimorphic adults ♣ Takes about 45 days to complete (depend on the temperature) ♣ Multivoltine, overlapping generations ♣ Mycetophagous larvae – feed on symbiotic fungus cultivated in the galleries by the mother beetle ( Monacrosporium ambrosium ) ♣ Inbreeding (brother-sister mating) occurs

Walgama, R. S and M. P. Zalucki (2007). Temperature – dependent Development of Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the Shot-hole borer of Tea in Sri Lanka: Implications for Distribution and Abundance. Insect Science 14: 301-308

UP COUNTRY MID COUNTRY LOW COUNTRY Walgama, R. S and M. P. Zalucki (2007). Temperature – dependent Development of Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the Shot-hole borer of Tea in Sri Lanka: Implications for Distribution and Abundance. Insect Science 14: 301-308

Number of SHB generations in different agro ecological regions ______________________________________________________________________ Region Location Number of DD accumulated Approximate number per year (above 15 0 C) of generations ______________________________________________________________________ Up country Sita Eliya 687 ± 87.5 1.8 ± 0.36 Mid country Hantana 3371 ± 92.2 9.0 ± 0.40 (wet) Mid country Bandarawela 2092 ± 102.4 6.0 ± 0.43 (dry) Low country Ratnapura 4788 ± 121.5 12.0 ± 0.51 ______________________________________________________________________ Average temperature 35 35 Development threshold (15.7C) Average temperature 30 30 Development threshold (15.7C) 25 25 0 C) 0 C) Temperature ( 20 Temperature ( 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 0 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 Day of year Day of year

1.2 Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults 1.0 Proportion of stages 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 15.02.99 22.03.99 26.04.99 24.05.99 08.06.99 19.07.99 16.08.99 27.09.99 26.10.99 15.11.99 28.12.99 24.01.20 14.02.20 27.03.20 24.04.20 Sampling date 1.2 Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults 1.0 Prportion of stages 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Sampling Appearance of life stages of shot-hole borer expressed as proportions over the sampling period in the pruning cycle in Nayapana estate representing mid country (wet zone).

Occupied galleries Open galleries 35.0 60.0 Healed galleries Total population Average population ( 4 replicates) Average number of galleries 30.0 50.0 25.0 40.0 (4 replicates) 20.0 30.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 15.02.99 22.03.99 26.04.99 24.05.99 08.06.99 19.07.99 16.08.99 27.09.99 26.10.99 15.11.99 28.12.99 24.01.20 14.02.20 27.03.20 24.04.20 Date Fluctuation of shot-hole borer population and the infestation (galleries), over a course of a pruning cycle in Nayapana estate, representing mid country (wet zone) and the sampling was initiated in the 10 th month after prune (arrow).

Biology of TSHB ♣ Life cycle - eggs, 3 larval instars, pupa and sexually dimorphic adults ♣ Takes about 45 days to complete (depend on the temperature) ♣ Multivoltine, overlapping generations ♣ Mycetophagous larvae – feed on symbiotic fungus cultivated in the galleries by the mother beetle ( Monacrosporium ambrosium ) (Gadd & Loos 1947) ♣ Inbreeding (brother-sister mating) occurs

Highly polyphagous

Damage of TSHB Primary damage – branch breakage as a result of construction of galleries

Secondary damage – Rotting of wood as a result of wood rotting fungi entering through gallery holes or from exposed unprotected prune cuts Leads to long term debilitation of the bush and thereby, capital loss

Management/control of TSHB ♣ Plant resistance ♣ Resistant/tolerant cultivars produced by the institute ♣ Recommended different cultivars for different agro ecological regions based on specific charateristics (yield potential, quality, resistant to pest and diseases and drought etc etc.

Cultivar TRI 2023 (resistant to TSHB) Cultivar TRI 2025 (Susceptible to TSHB)

TRI 2025 DT 1 100 80 60 % Infested stems (per sample) 40 20 ♣ TRI 2025 0 (grown for yield) MAYFIELD DRAYTON BOGAHAWATTE MOUNT VERNON STONYCLIFF CRAIGILEA YUILIFIELD KELIEWATTE CHRYSTLERSFAR ♣ DT 1 (grown for M quality) ♣ Both cultivars Estates are highly 100 susceptible to Percentage 80 SHB 60 40 0THERS 20 TRI 2025 0 Mayfield Drayton Bogahawatte Mount Vernon Stonycliff Craigilea Yuillefield Kelliewatte Chrystler Farm DT 1 Estates

Chemical control Occupied galleries Open galleries 35.0 60.0 Healed galleries Total population Average population ( 4 replicates) Average number of galleries 30.0 50.0 25.0 40.0 (4 replicates) 20.0 30.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 15.02.99 22.03.99 26.04.99 24.05.99 08.06.99 19.07.99 16.08.99 27.09.99 26.10.99 15.11.99 28.12.99 24.01.20 14.02.20 27.03.20 24.04.20 Date Fluctuation of shot-hole borer population and the infestation (galleries), over a course of a pruning cycle in Nayapana estate

Chemical control IPM CONCEPT Fenthion recommended ♣ Many types tested but came very few into recommendations from time to time ♣ OP’s used (since 1985 it was Fenthion only in recommendation)

Cultural control Cleaning dead areas at prune (sanitary cleaning) to remove decayed parts Application of wound dressings on surfaces more than 5 cm’s in diameter

IPM FOR TSHB Biological control BCA, EPF Chemical control Cost (extent), restrictions Agronomic control Fertilizer, Cost (extent) Cultural control Cleaning/sanitation, cost (extent), cultivars

I-P-E INTERACTION TRIANGLE SHOT - HOLE BORER IN SRI LANKA GREENHOUSE EFFECT 1500 6.0 No. of generaions 1250 accumulation Annual DD 5.0 1000 750 4.0 500 3.0 250 0 2.0 Current 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Increase Increase Increase Increase Temperature ( 0 C) Annual DD accumulation No. of generations

Symbiotic relationship in the tea ecosystem: Tea Shothole borer of Sri Lanka

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