ROBOTICS ROBOTICS A brief history A brief history Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 1
Outline � A brief history of robotics � What is a robot and what is robotics � Classification of robotic applications � Industrial robotics � Industrial robotics � Service robotics � Exploration robotics � Safety robotics Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 2
Robot The term robot robot , derived from the Slav term robota = executive labor , was introduced in 1920 by the Czech playwright Karel Čapek in the play “Rossum’s Universal Robots” But the concept behind a robot robot appeared many years before any real robot was built Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 3
What is a Robot? Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 4
What is a Robot? Frankenstein (1818 and 1931) Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 5
Metropolis (1927) The film ‘Metropolis’ directed by Fritz Lang was released in 1927. It was one of the favorite movies of George Lucas. Inspired by it, he created the most celebrated droid C-3P0 after “Maria” the robot Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 6
The Forbidden Planet (1956) Forbidden Planet is a pretty old science fiction film released in 1956. The characters and setting were inspired by Shakespeare’s The Tempest, and the plot doesn’t have much differences. Robby’s character was inspired by the Sprite in the play. Robby is one of the first movie robots who demonstrates his own personality. Before his appearance, they tended to lack personality characteristics, being simple artificial machines. Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 7
Star Wars (1977) Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 8
Robocop (1987) Terminator (1984) Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 9
ED-209 in ‘RoboCop,’ 1987 Here is another robot from the thrilling action movie ‘RoboCop’ (1987) Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 10
Robot Andrew in ‘Bicentennial Man’ (1999). It is based on the well-known short story by Isaac Asimov. Robot Andrew from the first sight seems to be the ordinary robot but the only thing that distinguishes him is that he can feel and share his emotions. Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 11
Robot from ‘Artificial Intelligence’ ‘Artificial Intelligence’ is one of the science fiction movies where the main character is a robotic boy who really longs to become human. The robot depicted on the image above is also from this movie. Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 12
Cylon from “Battlestar Galactica” Cylons were a race of war machines created by an ancient lizard-like race extinct centuries ago. When they discovered humans as the most practical living beings, they copied human bodies and became even more invulnerable. Cylons could live forever because every part of their body could be changed or repaired. Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 13
Robot B9 is a fictional character of several science fiction films. This one was taken from “Lost in Space” released in 1998 and directed by Stephen Hopkins. Robot B9 from “Lost In Space” Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 14
Sonny in “I, Robot’” That is how the robots may look like in the year 2035. Sonny is a fictional character from the movie “I, Robot” directed by Alex Proyas. The events take place exactly in 2035 year, when the robots have become an integral part of people life. But Sonny has appeared the smartest one. Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 15
Marvin in “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” 2005 Marvin is the ship’s robot aboard the starship Heart of Gold. Marvin’s personality can be characterized in the following way: he is apparently afflicted with severe depression and boredom, he is very intelligent, but rarely is able to use his brain. Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 16
WALL-E is a 2008 computer-animated science fiction film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and directed by Andrew Stanton. The story follows a robot named WALL-E, who is designed to clean up a waste-covered Earth far in the future. He eventually falls in love with another robot named EVE, and follows her into outer space on an adventure that changes the destiny of both his kind and humanity. Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 17
Timeline � 1818-1942: robots are described either in novels and plays or in science fiction stories (Frankenstein, RUR, Asimov, …) Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 18
Timeline � 1945: tele-manipulators used for nuclear products processing Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 19
Timeline � 1948: Grey Walter (UK) builds “turtle robots” Elmer and Elsie Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 20
Timeline � 1956: Unimation is the first industrial robot firm � 1961: first robot on GM car lines Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 21
Timeline � 1970: SRI Shakey Shakey was the first mobile robot to reason about its actions. Developed by SRI's (Stanford Research Institute) Artificial Intelligence Center from 1966 through 1972. Shakey has had a substantial legacy and influence on present-day artificial intelligence and robotics. � Shakey had a TV camera, a triangulating range finder, and bump sensors, and was connected to DEC PDP-10 and PDP-15 computers via radio and video links. computers via radio and video links. � Shakey used programs for perception, world-modeling, and acting. � Low-level action routines took care of simple moving, turning, and route planning. Intermediate level actions strung the low level ones together in ways that robustly accomplished more complex tasks. � The highest level programs could make and execute plans to achieve goals given it by a user. � The system also generalized and saved these plans for possible future use. Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 22
Timeline � 1975: PUMA manipulator Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 23
Timeline � 1979: Stanford cart Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 24
Timeline � 1999: Sony AIBO Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 25
Timeline � 2000: Honda Asimo Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 26
Timeline � 2004: Mars rovers Spirit & Opportunity Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 27
Timeline � 2006-7: DARPA Challenge Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 28
The future � 2011 … Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 29
Protesi robotiche e riabilitazione motoria Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 30
Neuroprotesi robotiche Le neuro interfacce o neuro-protesi sono una delle dieci tecnologie emergenti dei prossimi anni Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 31
Previsioni per il futuro? Una cosa è certa Non basta dotare un robot di due braccia e due gambe Occorre includere anche un cervello Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 32
Conclusioni Il concetto stesso di robot è un concetto filosofico, capace di suscitare interrogativi su vita, pensiero, linguaggio e molte altre cose. Sì, a volte mi chiedo se i robot non siano stati inventati per rispondere a quesiti filosofici. inventati per rispondere a quesiti filosofici. R. Giovannoli La Scienza della fantascienza cita J. Sladek Tik-Tok Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 33 33
Una riflessione Tutti volevano una macchina capace di eseguire la maggioranza delle funzioni umane, però nessuno voleva una macchina umana. C’erano problemi di intelletto: una macchina sempliciotta non sarebbe stata meglio di una scimmia ammaestrata (e chi vuole che una scimmia ammaestrata gli lavi la ceramica Wedgwood?), mentre una macchina macchina intelligente intelligente poteva poteva perdersi perdersi nei nei suoi suoi meandri meandri cognitivi e non fare niente […]. C’erano problemi di complessità: a una macchina sempliciotta bisognava spiegare, nei minimi particolari, come fare una cosa, mentre una macchina intelligente poteva decidere che per quel giorno non le andava di fare niente … R. Giovannoli La Scienza della fantascienza cita J. Sladek Tik-Tok Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 34
Some links � To follow the progress of robotics, IEEE Automaton blog is a good starting point � IEEE-Robotics Society (RAS) � International Federation of Robotics (IFR) � Associazione Italiana di Robotica e Automazione (SIRI) � European Robotics Technology Platform � European Robotics Technology Platform � EURON (European Robotics Research Network) � Robotic Industries Association (RIA) � NASA Space Telerobotics Program � Willow Garage � Roboticstrends.com Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 35
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