W hat is Robotics � Robotics is the science that studies robots and the CY 02CFI C technology that builds them CFI DV � Robotics started its development during WWII (Manhattan project) CA – 01C � Robots (seen as an artificial beings) appeared in OBOTI C b books and movies long before real applications k d i l b f l li ti RO Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 1
Robotics � Robotics is a multidisciplinary field R b ti i ltidi i li fi ld – mechanics (structures, … ) CY 02CFI C – electronics (sensors, actuators, control boards, … l t i ( t t t l b d ) ) – electrical engineering (motors, drives, power sources, … ) – information technologies (algorithms OS AI – information technologies (algorithms, OS, AI, … ) ) CFI DV – advanced control CA – 01C – communications communications � but also – material sciences and nanotechnology material sciences and nanotechnology OBOTI C – cognitive sciences, neurosciences – human-machine interfaces RO – ergonomy, safety – biomimesis, ethology Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 2
Robots � Robots are artificial beings. Two types of artificial CY beings exist: beings exist: 02CFI C – Those that include biological material or parts capable of auto-organization CFI DV – Those that do not contain any biological parts � Robots discussed here belong to the second type; they � Robots discussed here belong to the second type; they CA – 01C do not contain biological parts, but they may be able to – move autonomously in a partially known environment y p y OBOTI C – interact with humans (supplying collaborative behavior) – cooperate with other robots to execute specific tasks RO – learn from a teacher or from their experience Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 3
Robotics: a tim eline 1) 1) 1818 1942 1818-1942: robots are described either in novels and plays or in b t d ib d ith i l d l i science fiction stories (Frankenstein, RUR, Asimov, …) CY 02CFI C 2) 2) 1945: tele manipulators used for nuclear products processing 1945: tele-manipulators used for nuclear products processing 3) 1948: Grey Walter (UK) builds “turtle robots” Elmer and Elsie 4) 4) 1956: Unimation is the first industrial robot firm 1956: Unimation is the first industrial robot firm CFI DV 5) 1961: first robot on GM car lines CA – 01C OBOTI C 1 RO 3 2 4 Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 4
Robotics: a tim eline 6) 1970: SRI Shakey 7 CY 7) ) 1975: PUMA manipulator p 02CFI C 8) 1979: Stanford cart 9) ) 1999: Sony AIBO y CFI DV 10) 2000: Honda Asimo 6 8 11) 2004: Mars rovers Spirit & Opportunity ) p pp y CA – 01C 12) 2006-7: DARPA Challenge 10 OBOTI C 9 9 11 RO 12 Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 5
Robots in the m ovies Forbidden Planet (1956) Forbidden Planet (1956) Metropolis (1927) CY 02CFI C CFI DV Star Wars (1977) Robocop (1987) CA – 01C Terminator (1984) Terminator (1984) OBOTI C RO Robots are either “good” or “bad” Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 6
A possible future scenario CY 02CFI C Interaction with environment Object Object CFI DV manipulation CA – 01C OBOTI C RO Autonomous motion Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 7
W hat w e can expect in the near future Better to be prudent, considering some forecasting … CY 02CFI C � Heavier ‐ than ‐ air flying machines are impossible William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, 1895 CFI DV � Nuclear powered vacuum cleaners will probably be a reality within 10 years CA – 01C Al Alex Lewyt, President of the Lewyt Corporation , 1955 L t P id t f th L t C ti 1955 � There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home home OBOTI C Ken Olson, President and fouder, Digital Equipment Corp., 1977 RO Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 8
Europe and Robotics CY 02CFI C � The European Robotics Platform EUROP anticipates three key sectors for research efforts CFI DV CA – 01C OBOTI C Industrial Robotics Industrial Robotics Service Robotics Service Robotics Safety and Space Safety and Space RO Robotics Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 9
Europe and Robotics I I ndustrial Robots d t i l R b t to achieve high-quality and cost-effective CY 02CFI C flexible manufacturing and logistics in all flexible manufacturing and logistics in all major industrial branches CFI DV � Gradually, these future robots will become the workers’ assistants serving them at the workplace. CA – 01C � Th They will carry out the repetitive and strenuous parts ill t th titi d t t of a worker’s task and will increasingly safeguard workers from accidents and other relevant health care OBOTI C problems, thus alleviating the concerns of rising health care costs, particularly for small manufacturers. RO Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 10
Europe and Robotics Service Robots Service Robots � Service robots will be found in all domains of our future life. They represent not only a hope for a more convenient world but also a massive new market for high technology CY 02CFI C industries industries. � This sector offers significant opportunities for European industry. Service robotics can be conveniently divided into in three market segments, that handle very different CFI DV situations. Professional Applications Entertainment CA – 01C D Domestic Use ti U OBOTI C RO Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 11
Europe and Robotics Security and Space Robots Security and Space Robots CY In the coming years, security enforcement g y , y In the longer term, other major application g , j pp 02CFI C drivers will include maritime surveillance maritime surveillance … will rely more and more on automated systems. In the first instance, civil security (traffic control and monitoring of ship missions will include surveillance of surveillance of movements, supervision of illegal fishery), g CFI DV critical infrastructure critical infrastructure crime monitoring, search and rescue crime monitoring, search and rescue operations, environmental monitoring operations, environmental monitoring (telecommunication and power lines, water, gas and oil pipelines, etc.) and extended extended (fire detection and fire fighting, oil spill CA – 01C border and coastal patrol border and coastal patrol boosted by discovery, etc.) and surveillance of surveillance of hazardous materials hazardous materials . the shift of EU borders to the East and the need to to monitor illegal immigration monitor illegal immigration OBOTI C fluxes . fl fluxes fl RO Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 12
Europe and Robotics Space The application of robotics in space is unique in that it forces the robot to operate without direct human assistance and acts as a platform for the projection of human capabilities CY to remote and hostile environments. Robotic applications in space fall into two 02CFI C categories: assembly/ repair in space and planetary exploration: Assembly & Repair in Space y p p CFI DV Space-based robotic manipulators provide the basis for on-orbit servicing of satellites, through the replacement of equipment modules. CA – 01C Planetary Exploration Planetary Exploration Robots will become the personal assistants of astronauts. They will operate on distant planets, using high level directives, responding to and interacting with humans. They will be our agents of planetary surface and deep space exploration handling the repetitive be our agents of planetary surface and deep space exploration, handling the repetitive OBOTI C and time-consuming tasks of data collection and data reduction. Teams of robots will survey vast regions, and will classify geological features and formations and search for evidence of life evidence of life. RO Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 13
Possible future applications – USA � Research is mainly funded by DARPA - Defense Advanced Research Projects CY Agency g y 02CFI C – Homeland security systems – UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – Autonomous vehicles for urban Autonomous vehicles for urban CFI DV environment (DARPA challenge) – Battlefield intervention systems CA – 01C OBOTI C RO Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 14
Possible future applications – USA � In the days following 9/11 several robots were used for SAR (Search and CY Rescue) tasks ) 02CFI C � Results were disappointing, but the lesson learned was important CFI DV – Better HMI/HCI – Better operators training – Sensors interchangeability CA – 01C – Improved autonomy – Physical configuration OBOTI C RO Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 15
Military Applications CY 02CFI C CFI DV CA – 01C OBOTI C RO Domestic applications li ti Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 16
Roboethics CY 02CFI C CFI DV CA – 01C The focus of the TC includes 1. the unintended warfare uses of OBOTI C robotics research results 2. the preservation of human integrity in the interaction with robotic (even ( RO bionic) systems 3. and the study and development of the robot-ethics concept robot ethics concept AA 2006/ 07 Basilio Bona – DAUI N – Politecnico di Torino 002/ 17
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