Roadmap and Program Plan 2007 Ensuring the Future of Fossil - PDF document

U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y • O f f i c e o f F o s s i l E n e r g y N a t i o n a l E n e r g y T e c h n o l o g y L a b o r a t o r y Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program Plan 2007 Ensuring the Future of Fossil Energy Systems through the Successful Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies

Table of Contents I. Message to Stakeholders _______________________________________________4 A. 10-year Milestone for the DOE Carbon Sequestration Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 II. Program Overview____________________________________________________6 A. Program Highlights and Accomplishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B. Program Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 C. Program Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 D. Program Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 E. Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 III. Challenges __________________________________________________________12 A. Global Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 B. Cost-effective Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 C. Geographical Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 D. Permanence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 E. Monitoring, Mitigation, and Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 F. Integration and Long-term Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 G. Permitting and Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 H. Public Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 I. Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 IV. Technology Development Efforts __________________________________________ 16 A. Core R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 1. CO 2 Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. Carbon Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 3. Monitoring, Mitigation, and Verifjcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 4. Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gas Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 5. Breakthrough Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 B. Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 2. RCSP Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 3. Characterization Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 4. Validation Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 5. Deployment Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 C. NETL Office of Research and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 D. Supporting Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 1. International Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 2. Systems and Benefjts Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 3. Interagency Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 4. Education and Outreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 For More Information ___________________________________________________46 Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program Plan 2007 3

I. MESSAGE TO STAkEhOLDERS I. Message to Stakeholders Economic growth is closely tied to energy availability and consumption, particularly lower-cost fossil fuels. The use of these fossil fuels results in the release of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which is widely believed to contribute to global climate change. Balancing the economic value of fossil fuels with the environmental concerns associated with fossil fuel use is a diffjcult challenge. To Figure 1. World CO 2 Emissions by Region retain fossil fuels as a viable world energy source, carbon capture and On a global scale, CCS technologies National Laboratory (PNNL), and storage (CCS) technologies must play have the potential to reduce overall the Joint Global Change Research a central role. By cost-effectively climate change mitigation costs Institute (a partnership between capturing CO 2 before it is emitted to and increase fmexibility in reducing PNNL and the University of the atmosphere and then permanently greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Maryland) – has identifjed near- storing or sequestering it, fossil fuels According to the 2005 report, term, medium-term, and long-term can be used in a carbon constrained benefjts associated with CCS. In the Carbon Dioxide Capture and world and without constraining Storage, by the Intergovernmental near term, CCS technologies will economic growth. Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), allow many industries – including the application of CCS technologies electricity generation, refjning, The global nature of CO 2 emissions in GHG mitigation portfolios could chemical production, and steel is illustrated in Figure 1 and shows reduce the costs of stabilizing CO 2 and cement manufacturing – to that total world CO 2 emissions are concentrations in the atmosphere chart a viable path forward into a expected to increase signifjcantly by by 30 percent or more compared to carbon-constrained world. In the 2030. Absent binding constraints, scenarios where CCS technologies medium term, CCS technologies CO 2 emissions in Organization are not deployed. Furthermore, will facilitate a smoother transition for Economic Cooperation and a particularly benefjcial aspect of of the global economy to a low Development (OECD) countries— certain CCS technologies is that GHG emissions future. In the long which include the United States, most their component parts – carbon term, CCS will make valuable of Europe, Australia, Korea, New capture, transportation, and storage commodities like electricity and Zealand and Japan—are expected – can utilize technologies adapted hydrogen cheaper than they would to increase at about 1.1 percent per from other commercial industries, be if such technologies were not year through 2030. CO 2 emissions enhancing the availability and cost available. in non-OECD countries outside competitiveness of CCS technologies Europe and Eurasia—including as viable mitigation options. DOE is taking a leadership fossil fuel-rich China and India—are role in the development of CCS expected to grow at 3.0 percent per The Global Energy Technology technologies. Through its Carbon year, in line with strong economic Strategy Program (GTSP) – a Sequestration Program (Program) growth. As a point of reference, the public and private sector research – managed within the Offjce of U.S. emitted about 6 billion metric collaboration comprised of scientists Fossil Energy (FE) and implemented tons of CO 2 in 2005, accounting for from Battelle, the U.S. Department by the National Energy Technology about 22 percent of total world CO 2 of Energy (DOE), Pacifjc Northwest Laboratory (NETL) – DOE is emissions. 4 Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program Plan 2007