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Return to Majapahit: Buddhist garden shrines in contemporary rural Java EASA 2020 Lisbon, 21-24 July 2020 Roberto Rizzo Cultural and Social Anthropology Department of Human Sciences University of Milan Bicocca, Italy 2 Return to

  1. Return to Majapahit: Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java EASA 2020 Lisbon, 21-24 July 2020 Roberto Rizzo Cultural and Social Anthropology Department of Human Sciences University of Milan – Bicocca, Italy

  2. 2 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. ● Towards a “Buddhist” lithic materiality ● Rurality between aestheticization and identity politics → How do shrines participate in this wider process of [1] Buddhification/Theravadization and of [2] reifi- cation of a peasant “Javanese culture”?

  3. 3 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Temanggung, Central Java

  4. 4 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Buddhism in the Indonesian “rush hour of the gods” (1) ● Global Theosophy and local mysticism ● Revitalization narrative ● Majapahit and nationalism

  5. 5 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Buddhism in the Indonesian “rush hour of the gods” (2) ● Between Chinese-ness and Javanese-ness ● Neither Theravada nor Mahayana? ● Buddhayana and “national Buddhism” Ashin Jinarakkhita

  6. 6 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Buddhism in Temanggung ● 1950s-1960s – The trails of power and family allegiance

  7. 7 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Buddhism in Temanggung ● 1950s-1960s – The trails of power and family allegiance ● 1960s – How to Buddhify a village

  8. 8 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Buddhism in Temanggung ● 1950s-1960s – The trails of power and family allegiance ● 1960s – How to Buddhify a village ● 1980s – Ascendance of Sangha Theravada Indonesia (STI)

  9. 9 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. The lithic and the mythic

  10. 10 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. The lithic and the mythic

  11. 11 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. The lithic and the mythic Candi Sepanjang Candi Liyangan

  12. 12 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. The lithic and the mythic

  13. 13 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Devotion in-between

  14. 14 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Devotion in-between

  15. 15 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Devotion in-between

  16. 16 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Devotion in-between

  17. 17 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. Devotion in-between

  18. 18 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. The politics and aesthetics of wisatawan

  19. 19 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. The politics and aesthetics of wisatawan ● “Like reigniting the times of Majapahit” ● “We worship at shrines to create a 'compact village'” ● “The aim is to implement the program jangka panjang ”

  20. 20 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. The politics and aesthetics of wisatawan → Essentialization through lithic aestheticism → Phenomenology of the communal gaze: to see and to be seen → Eco-tourism, spiritual tourism. Coffee, stones, Buddhas.

  21. 21 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. The politics and aesthetics of wisatawan → Essentialization through lithic aestheticism → Phenomenology of the communal gaze: to see and to be seen → Eco-tourism, spiritual tourism. Coffee, stones, Buddhas. → Rhizomatic Buddhism

  22. 22 Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abeysekara, A. (2019) Protestant Buddhism and 'Influence'. The Temporality of a Concept, in Qui Parle 28 (1) : 1-75. Ashley, S. (2013) Narrating Identity and Belonging. Buddhist Authenticity and Contested Ethnic Marginalization in the Mountains of Northern Thailand, in Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 28 (1) : 1-35. Brown, I. (1987) Contemporary Indonesian Buddhism and Monotheism, in Journal of Sotheast Asian Studies 18 (1) : 108-117. Chia, J. (2018) Neither Mahayana Nor Theravada. Ashin Jinarakkhita and the Indonesian Buddhayana Movement, in History of Religions 58 (1) : 24-63. Degroot, V. (2017) The Liangan Temple Site in Central Java, in Archipel 94 : 191- 209. Keane, W. (2008) The Evidence of The Senses and the Materiality of Religion, in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14 : 110-127. Kitiarsa, P. (2010) Missionary Intent and Monastic Networks: Thai Buddhism as a Transnational Religion, in Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 25 (1) : 109-132. Meyer, B. & van de Port M. (2018) Sense and Essence. Heritage and the Cultural Production of the Real . New York: Berghan Books. Morgan, D. (2012) The Embodied Eye. Religious Visual Culture and the Social Life of Feeling . Berkeley: University of California Press. Sobary, M. (2017) Perlawan Politik dan Puitik Petani Tembakau Temanggung . Yogyakarta: Gramedia. Tollenaere, H. (1996) The Politics of Divine Wisdom. Theosophy and Labour in Indonesia and South Asia 1875-1947 . Leiden: UKUN. Thank you!

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