REPORT ON THE STATE OF BRAZILIAN CITIES Selection of Cities -2009
Summary n Basic assumptions n Hypothetical trends in Brazil´s urbanization process n Reference studies consulted n Steps adopted as result of the National Workshop entitled “Criteria for selecting the cities to be analyzed” (29th June 2009) n Combination of control variables for categorizing and selecting cities n Filtering criteria applied in each category for selecting cities n Characterization of the cities selected according to population size, centrality levels in Brazil´s urban network and their location in strategic areas 2
Basic assumptions o Cities are influenced by the regional context in which they are located and vice versa . o Brazilian cities can be differentiated not only by their population size and demographic trends but also by their capacity as poles of attraction for entire regions and urban networks. These polarizing capacities are defined on the basis of political, economic and locational variables .
Basic assumptions o Socio-economic inequalities between different cities reflect the degree of regional importance of each city as well as individual cities´ links with national and international economic flows . These inequalities have a major impact on local demographic trends . o High/stagnant population growth levels of Brazilian cities are closely related to prevailing economic performance levels, regardless of size of population. o Brazilian cities are distributed heterogeneously throughout the country´s territory. 4
Hypothetical trends in Brazil´s urbanization process o Population growth and densification in the urban peripheral areas in the metropolitan regions of the State capitals (the biggest urban conglomerations) are the result of unequal access to land as well as a root cause of environmental degradation . o Decay and de-population of the inner-city areas of the larger cities. o Consolidation of urban areas associated with the expansion of the agricultural frontiers in the Cerrado (savanna) and Amazon Region causes environmental degradation. It is also associated with land disputes, tension with Brazil´s traditional communities and a shortage of urban amenities. 5
Hypothetical trends in Brazil´s urbanization process n Urban, demographic and economic expansion of cities located in mineral and forest extraction zones and in areas where oil is being produced and refined is also responsible for environmental degradation, land conflicts, problems with traditional communities and a shortage of urban amenities. n Urban, demographic and economic expansion of cities which serve as poles of attraction for coastal as well as interior regions of the country, especially in the Amazon River Basin and the areas adjacent to the Brasília-Cuiabá-Porto Velho-Rio Branco, Belém-Brasília highways (plus, more recently, the Cuiabá-Santarém road), is also at the root of environmental degradation, land disputes, problems with traditional communities and a shortage of urban amenities . n P o p u l a t i o n l o s s a n d u r b a n s t a g n a t i o n o f s m a l l e r c i t i e s . 6
Reference studies consulted o Stratification of Brazilian municipalities by size of population (2005), CNM. o Typology of Brazil´s cities (2005) [MCid/FASE/PPGEO- UFPE]. o Baseline Document to define a National Terrritorial Ordering Policy (2006) - ABIPTI/Ministry of National Integration /IICA o City regions of influence (2007), IBGE. o Study of territorial size for planning purposes. V olume II: National Strategic Overview ( 2008) – MPOG/CGEE. o Study of territorial size for planning purposes. Volume II I: Reference Regions (2008) – MPOG/CGEE. 7
Steps recommended by the national workshop on “ Criteria for selecting the cities to be analyzed” (29th June 2009) o The following decisions were taken at the the national workshop on “ The criteria for selecting the cities to be analyzed” (29th June 2009) : – to disregard the specific variables of the key themes in the categorization and selection of cities to be analyzed. These variables to be addressed in the specific analyses to be undertaken of each key thematic line of approach. – to adjust and incorporate new control variables for categorizing and selecting the cities to be analysed within the key lines of approach. 8
Step 1 - to disregard the specific variables of the key themes in the categorization and selection of cities to be analyzed within the key thematic lines of approach Social inclusion thematic line Urban development financing thematic line Control variables for characterization and selection of cities: - P o s i t i o n i n g i n t h e B r a z i l i a n c i t i e s n e t w o r k ( c e n t r a l i t y l e v e l s ) - Population size and dynamic - A p p l i c a t i o n o f n a t i o n a l p l a n n i n g s t r a t e g y t o t e r r i t o r i e s - L o c a t i o n i n t e r r i t o r i e s n e a r t o f r o n t i e r a r e a s - Variation of Municipal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Local economic development thematic line Public management thematic line
o Non-utilization of the specific variables (thematic) in order to avoid bias with regard to categorization and sampling of the cities o Utilization of structural variables for categorization and selection of cities o Denominators for indicators and charges 11
Step 2 - to adjust and incorporate new control variables for categorizing and selecting the cities – Positioning in the Brazilian cities network - REGIC o Reference: Study on Cities´ Regions of influence (IBGE) ü 5 levels of centrality : o Level 1 : Metropolis = concentrated population area comprising a number of munipalities o Level 2 : Regional Capital = some of these correspond to areas of concentrated population formed by several munipalities o Level 3 : Sub-regional centre o Level 4 : Centre of zone o Level 5 : Local centre 12
Networks of Brazilian Cities de Cidades Brasileiras
Step 2 - to adjust and incorporate new control variables for categorizing and selecting the cities – Population size and dynamic ü Population bands considered: D Up to 20,000 inhabitants – Class D D From 20,001 to 50,000 inhabitants – Class C D From 50,001 to 350,000 inhabitants – Class B D Over 350,000 inhabitants – Class A For each class of municipalities a distinction was made between groups with positive and negative population variations during the period from 2002 to 2007 based on the projections I BGE. and population counts undertaken by 14
Step 2 - to adjust and incorporate new control variables for categorizing and selecting cities – Application of national planning strategy to territories o References : o Study on territorial size for planning purposes – V olume II: National Strategic Outlook (MPOG/CGEE); o Baseline document to define a National Terrritorial Ordering Policy (2006) - Ministry of National Integration 15
Human development % of persons over 15 with under 4 years of formal education in year 2000
Population density: Inhabs/km 2
Levels of Urbanization and Biomas
Differentiation of Northeastern semi- arid zone
Brazilian Biomas Brasileiros
Step 2 - to adjust and incorporate new control variables for categorizing and selecting the cities – Application of national planning strategy to territories o 6 strategic territories for national planning: o Territory 1- - Amazonas o Territory 2A - Cerrado 1 o Territory 2B1- Cerrado 2 o Territory 2B2 - Semi-arid zone o Territory 3A - South/Southeast o Territory 3B – North-Northeastern coastal strip 21
Strategic territories adjusted according to municipal boundaries and frontier area (150k)
Step 2 - to adjust and incorporate new control variables for categorizing and selecting the cities – Application of national planning strategy to territories o 9 strategic territories for national and frontier planning o Territory 1 – Amazonas o Territory 1 – Amazonas Frontier o Territory 2A – Cerrado 1 o Territory 2Af – Cerrado Frontier 1 o Territory 2B1 – Cerrado 2 o Territory 2B2 – Semi-Arid zone o Territory 3A – South/Southeast o Territory 3Af – South Frontier o Territory 3B – North-Northeastern coastal strip
Step 2 - to adjust and incorporate new control variables for categorizing and selecting the cities – Variation of municipal GDP References: o National accounts,Gross Domestic Product of municipalities (IBGE). o Positive and negative variation of Municipal GDP 2002- 2006 (IBGE). o G D P represe nt s the sum tot al ma r ket val ue - added of a ll fi n al goods a nd se r vice s of all p roduc ti on un it s i n t he re spec ti ve a rea s over a gi ven pe rio d o f ti me , inc ludi ng a ll t axe s an d s ubsid ies not inc luded i n t he val u atio n o f ou tpu t . It i s also roug hl y equa l to the sum of final uses of goods and services measured in purchasers' prices. G D P c an al so be in terp reted as the s u m of p rim a ry in comes di st rib uted b y re side nt p roduce r u ni ts . 25
Share of municipalities in the Brazilian GDP (2006) 25% of national GDP in 5 municipalities 50% of national GDP in 50 municipalities
Participação dos Municípios no PIB Brasileiro
75% of national GDP in 300 municipalities 85% of national GDP in 751 municipalities 28 95% do PIB nacional em 2202 municípios 99% do PIB nacional em 4205 municípios
Participação dos Municípios no PIB Brasileiro
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