Renewable Electricity for Minnesota’s Future Xcel Renewable Development Fund Advisory Group Presentation December 12, 2017 Project funding provided by customers of Xcel Energy through a grant from the Renewable Development Fund
Agenda • REMnF Project Overview • Project Presentations • Questions
Impact • 20 articles published or under review in scientific journals 12 in 2017 o • 37 presentations nationally and internationally 27 in 2017 o • 2 patents filed 1 in 2017 o • 27 people employed 16 student RAs, 5 post-docs, 5 PIs o • Commercialization Efforts Value Design Proposition Workshop through the Office of Technology o Commercialization
Funding Total Budget Total Expenses Encumbrances Unencumbered Total Disbursed Expenses Expenses $3,000,000 $3,000,000 $846,594 $230,739 $615,855 $1,077,333 Project Funding Start Date: 5/30/2016
Advisory Board Renewable Electricity for Minnesota’s Future First Name Last Name Position Organization Nina Axelson Vice-President, Public Relations Ever-green Energy Senior Vice-President of Public Affairs Bill Blazar and Business Development MN Chamber of Commerce Dan King Program Director Midwest Renewable Energy Tracking System J. Drake Hamilton Science Policy Director Fresh Energy Manager of Community Energy Paul Lehman Partnerships Xcel Energy Manager, Resource Planning and Laureen Ross-McCalib Regulatory Affairs Great River Energy Rolf Nordstrom President and CEO Great Plains Institute Kelly Schwinghammer Executive Vice-President BlueGreen Alliance Will Seuffert Executive Director Environmental Quality Board Doug Shoemaker Vice-Chairperson MN Renewable Energy Society Kaya Tarhan Chief Development Officer SolarStone David Russick Founder Gopher Angels
Projects Richard James & Bharat Jalan: The direct conversion of heat to • electricity using fast switching of ferroelectric oxides Chris Leighton: Pyrite FeS2: A Low-Cost Earth-Abundant Photovoltaic • Solution for Renewable Electricity in Minnesota Lian Shen: Simulation, Measurement, Modeling, and Control of Wind • Plant Power Ned Mohan: Research on Power Electronics and Control: Grid- • Interface for Renewables, Storage and Green Micro-Grids
Introduction University of Minnesota Driven To Discover The direct conversion of heat to electricity using fast switching of ferroelectric oxides Senior Personnel Prof. Richard James, Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, UMN Prof. Bharat Jalan, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, UMN Post Doctoral Fellows Dr. Ryan Haislaier, PhD from Penn State, December 2016 – December 2017 (to Intel) Dr. Paul Plucinsky, PhD from Caltech, September 2017 – present Dr. Ashley Bucsek, PhD from Colorado School of Mines, starts on January 2018 Graduate Students Ms. Hanlin Gu, 4 th year Mr. William Nunn, 3 rd year Supported by Xcel Energy - Renewable Development Fund
Sources of heat at small temperature difference University of Minnesota Driven To Discover n Waste heat rejected in exhaust systems of automobiles, and power plants n Waste heat from air conditioning systems* n Waste heat from laptop and desktop computers and Thin film devices: supercomputer clusters chip level n Handheld electronic devices (phones, videogames), integration watches, stand-alone sensors n Major environmental sources : solar thermal plants, temperature difference between air and sub-ice water in winter, accumulate heat in attics in summer Key technological breakthrough A strategy for minimizing hysteresis ( λ 2 to 1). Near zero hysteresis demonstrated *Collaboration with Daikin Applied, 13600 Industrial Park Blvd., Plymouth, MN
Objectives and progress University of Minnesota Driven To Discover To develop energy conversion devices based on phase transformation in ferroelectric films through the establishment of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and the computational design. • Development of an Oxide Film with a λ 2 = 1 Interface Deliverables • Development of a Switch • Modeling of Thermo-Electro-Dynamics of Ferroelectric Energy Conversion • Construction and Testing of a Prototype • Scale-up Key Idea: No separate electrical generator: the material itself generates electricity Achievements 2017: MBE growth of high quality ferroelectric films achieved Phase pure epitaxial BaTiO 3 film on SrTiO 3 (001) substrate Smooth surface morphology from the atomic force microscopy Development of a predictive model of ferroelectric energy conversion Demonstration of ferroelectric energy conversion Demonstration: voltage (blue) temperature (red)
Outreach and plans University of Minnesota Driven To Discover Intellectual property and commercialization Early Commercial Assessment and literature search n done by OTC (ROI20160206, Avishek Mishra, Xu Zou) Provisional patent filed (20170206): The direct conversion n of heat to electricity using phase transformations in ferroelectric oxides Marketing webpage developed by outside firm n Graduate student Hanlin Gu took the Minnesota Innovation Corps n Course on Value Design Workshop , and contacted local companies Widely distributed publicity on our method (James gave Golden n Medallion Lecture in CSE, Timoshenko Lecture at Stanford; Jalan gave technical lecture on heat recovery at ARPA-E) X-ray data from high quality ferroelectric BaTiO 3 film made using hybrid MBE Plans for the coming year Develop demonstration using grown BaTiO 3 films n Do extensive predictions using the recently developed computational model to guide device design n Develop next generation demonstration using recently grown high quality films n Continue intellectual property development with OTC n Investigate the design and development of a thermal switch n
Pyrite FeS 2 : A Low-Cost Earth-Abundant Photovoltaic (PV) Solution for Renewable Electricity in Minnesota Xcel Energy RDF Project University of Minnesota, Institute on the Environment Prof. Chris Leighton, Prof. Eray Aydil Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Prof. Laura Gagliardi Department of Chemistry Partners: (tenK Solar Inc.), Physical Electronics Inc.
Project Team Chris Leighton Eray Aydil Laura Gagliardi (Chem. Eng. & Mat. Sci.) (Chem. Eng. & Mat. Sci.) (Chemistry) electronic materials solar cells theoretical chemistry ( TenK Solar: Bloomington-based commercial solar installation company) PHI (Physical Electronics): Eden-Prairie-based materials analysis company
Background / Motivation Current PV market: Si, CdTe, CuInGaSe 2 (CIGS) Si builds on established technology, but requires costly, thick, crystalline wafers CdTe and CIGS are thin film technologies, but require low abundance, toxic, costly elements Grand challenge: High performance PV materials from earth-abundant, cheap, non-toxic constituents; wide-scale deployment of solar-to-electric power The semiconductor FeS 2 (pyrite, fool’s gold (!)) is a high-potential candidate: > Outstanding abundance and cost > Extraordinary light absorption > Theoretical efficiency > 30 % > Current record: 2.8 %!! GOAL: Remove barriers to FeS 2 usage in solar cells
Progress Two known problems with FeS 2 : > Doping uncontrolled, poorly understood > Surfaces uncontrolled, poorly understood Doping progress: > First to resolve the “doping puzzle” in FeS 2 (why are large crystals “ n ” and thin films “ p ”?) > First to prove missing S atoms dope “ n ” Surface progress: > First comprehensive understanding of surface conduction Significance: > We can controllably “ n ” - dope. This is a world “first” > We now have a route to the first “ p-n homojunction ” solar cell (see figure) > Simplest route to an FeS 2 solar cell (like Si); never previously possible
Future Plans Upcoming publications > Proof that missing S atoms “ n ” -dope FeS 2 > Accompanying theoretical analysis Develop a “ p ” -dopant: > Mn, As, etc . being studied > Alternative idea: P (see figure) Proof-of-principle p-n homojunction solar cell: > Single crystal; ion implantation Thin film p-n homojunction solar cell > Intellectual property > Sputtered n , p films > Sputtered solar cells
Research Products Publications: Voigt, Moore, Manno, Walter, Aydil and Leighton, in preparation (2017) Ray, Voigt, Walter, Aydil, Leighton and Gagliardi, in preparation (2017) Presentations: Bryan Voigt, Materials Research Society Fall Meeting, Nov 2017 Eray Aydil, 3M Technical Forum, June 2017 Bryan Voigt, U of M IPRIME Annual Meeting, May 2017 Chris Leighton, Materials Research Society Spring Meeting, April 2017 All participants, External Advisory Board Meeting, Jan 2017 Industrial Interactions: Extensive interactions with PHI (Physical Electronics, Eden Prairie) > Scientific collaboration > Free access to unique instrumentation
S T . A NTHONY F ALLS L ABORATORY S T . A NTHONY F ALLS L ABORATORY S IMULATION , M EASUREMENT , M ODELING , AND C ONTROL OF W IND P LANT P OWER Lian Shen – Director of St. Anthony Falls Laboratory (SAFL) Professor of Mechanical Engineering Michele Guala – Associate Professor of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering and SAFL Jiarong Hong – Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering and SAFL Jeff Marr – Associate Director for Engineering and Facility of SAFL Joseph Nichols – Assistant Professor of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics Peter Seiler – Associate Professor of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics and SAFL
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