Recent Harmful Algal Bloom Events in the Philippines Rhodora Azanza , Garry Benico and Romella Berenguela The Marine Science Institute University of the Philippines, Diliman 1
RECENT SHELLFISH BAN DUE TO PYRODINIUM BLOOMS Two children died after eating shellfish contaminated with red tide in the province of Samar. In December 6, 2016 , 9 areas have been placed under shellfish ban by BFAR due to detection of PSTs beyond regulatory limit. High cell densities of toxic Pyrodinium cells were documented in these embayments.
Distribution of PSP causing organisms as of 2016 • 1983-2014 = 38 areas • 2015-2016= 3 areas in central Philippines (Carles, Iloilo, Dauis Bohol and Aklan) as new additions
Declining PSP cases despite increasing num ber of affected areas 14 350 12 300 No. of areas with toxic 10 250 PSP Cases 8 200 6 150 4 100 2 50 0 0 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1983 ‐Samar‐Leyte Epidemics 1987 ‐Manila Bay Epidemics 1992 ‐Various areas 2015‐2016‐ Samar Leyte Pyrodinium blooms Data source: NFRDI, BFAR, UPMSI
TOXIC ALEXANDRIUM BLOOMS IN BOLINAO, NORTWESTERN PHILLIPPINES
In 2002, a PSP case was implicated with Alexandrium minutum in Northwestern Philippines (Bajarias et al. 2003). 6 MSI, 2004
Alexandrium minutum • Occurrence was first reported by Bajarias et al (2003) and associated with the PSP case in Bolinao, Pangasinan). • Reconfirmed the presence of Alexandrium minutum in Bolinao, Pangasinan (Benico 2015)
Alexandrium cf. pacificum • First documented a bloom in Northwestern Philippines and tropical region (Benico et al 2012; Azanza and Benico 2013) • Morphological and molecular identification confirmend the the presence of Alexandrium cf. pacificum in Bolinao Pangasinan (Benico et al 2016) 8
Alexandrium tamutum • First report in the Bolinao, Pangasinan • Reported as non -toxic (Montressor et al, 2004), but Bolinao strain is slightly toxic (Benico 2015) 9
• Morphological identification APC based on diagnostic thecal 1’ plates revealed that Alexandrium minutum Halim 6’’ as the bloom species in Bataan, western side of Manila Bay . • Manila Bay which was used to be affected by Pyrodinium bahamense blooms during Southwest Monsoon , is now by Sp being affected by blooms of 2’’’’ Alexandrium minutum which usually starts during November (Northwest Monsoon)
CIGUATERA FISH POISONING IN THE PHILIPPINES
CFP cases in the Philippines from 1989-2016 51-90 Navotas, Metro Manila (2001) 41-50 Romblon (1998) Masbate (2008, 2009) 31-40 21-30 Aklan (2011) Ilo‐ilo 1-20 (2006, 2010,2011) Antique ~300 CFP cases (2001) Mostly in Central Visayas Earliest in Basilan, Southern Philippines Zamboanga del Norte (2014) Highest documented case Basilan (1989) in Masbate with 89
In June 2010, 22 individuals experienced Ciguatera Fish poisoning symptoms in Iloilo after eating red snapper locally known as Maya maya “ Lutjanus campechanus ”
Ciguatoxin Detection Results (Mendoza et al 2013) Journal of Environmental Science and management (Special Issue) • Confirmed by Cigua-check in remnant fish eaten by affected individuals by BFAR • Mass Spectrometry from blood samples of affected patients confirmed the presence of Ciguatoxins
Survey of Ciguatera Causative organisms in Iloilo, Central Philippines Deployment of Artificial substrate in 9 stations and incubation for 24 hours
Gambierdiscus carpenteri in Carles, Iloilo • Confirmed the presence of Gambierdiscus carpenteri in Iloilo • Also include presence of Gambierdiscus toxicus in preliminary identification • 7 other BHABs species were identified which include Ostreopsis spp., Prorocentrum spp. , Coolia spp. etc
In September 16, 2014, 18 individuals experienced Ciguatera Fish poisoning symptoms in Zamboanga City after eating barracuda “ Sphyraena sp . ”
Symptoms experience by patients in Zamboanga City after eating barracuda Sphyraena sp. in Sept 2014 Symptoms Before Admission to Hospital Nausea Loose watery stools Body malaise Abdominal pain Numbness of extremities After admission to the hospital a) Physical examination Abdominal pain/tenderness Weakness moderate dehydration b) Neurologic examination hypersensitivity reaction to hot/cold Diagnosed as Ciguatera Fish Poisoning by Dr. Eunice Aujero-Sapasap of Labunan Public Hospital, Zamboanga City
OTHER RECENT HABS ASSOCIATED WITH FISHKILL
Karenia mikimotoi Miyake & Kominami ex Oda, 1935) • Dorsoventrally compressed with A B cell dimension of 20-30 um in length and 24-36 in width. • Straight linear apical grove and does not have a apical carina, nucleus is ovoid & located at the left hypotheca; D C • Bloom of K. mikimotoi at 4.9 x 10 6 cells/L documented in Feb. 2013 sampling in the fish farming site in Bolinao-Anda coastal waters. 20 HAGenomics , 2013
Bloom patches taken on March 2013 revealed very high densities of Scrippsiella spp in fish farming sites in Bolinao, Northwestern Philippines
Scrippsiella Balech ex Loeblich , 1965 • Two species of Scrippsiella isolated and identified in during these bloom events i.e Scrippsiella spinifera and Scrippsiella trochoidea S. trochoidea • Bloom of S. spinifera was S. spinifera documented in May 2011 at 2.4 x 10 5 cells/L (Azanza and Benico 2013) while bloom of Scrippsiella trochoidea was recently documented in Bolinao Pangasinan in April and May 2013 at 2.15x10 7 cells/L APC S. spinifera 22 HABGenomics, 2013
Summary and Recommendations • Pyrodinium bahamense remains to be the main PSP causative organism in the Philippines • Blooms of Alexandrium cf. pacificum and Alexandrium minutum are new culprits of poisoning cases in Bolinao Northwestern Philippines and Manila Bay • Confirmed the presence of Gambierdiscu s spp. in CFP affected area in Iloilo, Central Philippines.
Summary and Recommendations • Blooms of Prorocentrum minimum , Karenia mikimotoi and Scrippsiella spp. were documented at fish farming sites along the Guiguiwanen Channel in Bolinao, Northwestern, Philippines. • Studies on small HAB causing dinoflagellates in the Philippines are still scarce. • More intensified monitoring and research need to conducted in areas where toxic blooms and HAB associated fishkill were documented.
Acknowledgements • DOST-PCAARD • UPMSI • HABTech and HABGenomic Team • LGUs • Organizers of EastHAB meeting
Thank you!
Nov, 2010 Nov, 2011 Nov, 2013 In November 2010, 2011, 2013 shellfish ban was imposed in 6 coastal towns of Bataan (BFAR) 27
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