Raw materials for Agricus compost Ralph Noble, East Malling - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Raw materials for Agricus compost Ralph Noble, East Malling - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jun 26, 2023 327 likes •981 views

Raw materials for Agricus compost Ralph Noble, East Malling Research, UK RAW MATERIALS FOR AGARICUS COMPOST Straw types and analysis Alternative carbon sources Poultry manure and other nitrogen sources Recycled water Gypsum

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Raw materials for Agricus compost

Ralph Noble, East Malling Research, UK

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RAW MATERIALS FOR AGARICUS COMPOST

  • Straw types and analysis
  • Alternative carbon sources
  • Poultry manure and other nitrogen sources
  • Recycled water
  • Gypsum
  • Organic mushroom compost
  • Effects on mushroom quality and moulds
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STRAW PROBLEMS

  • Cost – alternative uses, e.g. energy, feed
  • Availability – local and every year?
  • High moisture content
  • Variability in composting and cropping
  • Change in properties during storage
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Linseed Barley Wheat Rye

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Rape straw

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Cotton straw

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Rice straw

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Wheat straw stem

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Wheat straw Barley straw

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Wheat straw

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Barley straw

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WHEAT STRAW VARIABLES

  • Cultivar, spring or winter wheat
  • Growing site, soil, climate
  • Fertiliser (Nitrogen) applications
  • Fungicides and plant growth regulators
  • Harvesting method and conditions
  • Storage duration and conditions
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STRAW ANALYSIS METHODS

Information about organic polymers (lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose)

  • Vis-near infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIR)
  • Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG)
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Transformed vis-NIR spectra of straw showing variability in composition

Moisture peaks Nitrogen Cellulose

2266

Oil 2072 Nitrogen

1514

Aromatics

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Overlay of DTG curves of straw samples

mg

  • 0. 0
  • 0. 5
  • 1. 0
  • 1. 5
  • 2. 0
  • 2. 5
  • 3. 0

mi n °C 50 100 15 0 2 00 250 30 0 35 0 40 0 45 0 50 0 550 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 0 22 24 26 \M Gst -2- 1 MG st- 2-1 , 3 .08 50 mg \M Gst -3- 2 MG st- 3-2 , 3 . 09 80 mg \S ola n w hea t s t raw-3 So lan wh eat st r aw-3, 3 .02 50 mg mgmin^-1

  • 0.8
  • 0.6
  • 0.4
  • 0.2
  • 0.0

mi n 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 0 22 24 26 mg min^-2

  • 2

2 mi n 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 0 22 24 26

Cellulose Lignin fraction Hemicellulose (structural)

Hemicellulose amorphous

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STRAW ANALYSIS METHODS

Chemical constituents and residues

  • Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
  • Mineral analysis (N, P, K etc)
  • Soluble carbohydrates and polyphenols
  • Proteins, lipids
  • pH and electrical conductivity
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Cultivar Site Fenpropimorph Tebuconazole mg/kg Claire Cross 0.09 0.09 Claire DownP 0.01 0.08 Claire Lim 0.12 0.11 Malacca Cross 0.09 0.09 Malacca DownP 0.01 0.08 Malacca Lim 0.12 0.03 Richmond Cross 0.11 0.22 Richmond DownP 0.01 0.09 Richmond Lim 0.09 0.13 Tanker Cross 0.08 Tanker DownP 0.06 Tanker Lim 0.04 0.04

Fungicide residues on wheat straw

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Cultivar Chlormequat, mg/kg Site Kirton Welles Cross DownP Lim Axona 1.3 Hereward 7.8 Tanker 1.7 1.3 0.7 1.0 Richmond 4.8 2.2 0.6 0.5 Claire 1.3 0.5 1.2 Malacca 1.5 0.4 1.2

Chlormequat residues on wheat straw

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DIGESTABILITY

Digestability

  • Enzyme digestibility (Pepsin, Pentopan, Cellulase)

(dry matter digestability and hemicellulose digestability)

  • Neutral detergent fibre

(cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin etc)

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  • Water retention properties

(moisture content and retention)

  • Mechanical properties

(Tensile strength, stiffness, dynamic modulus)

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Mechanical Tests on Straw

Instron tensile tests - stress, strain and elastic modulus

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Straw composting experiments

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Strawy Degraded

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Effect of wheat cultivar on mushroom yield from windrow composts

50 100 150 200 250 300 Hereward Tanker Richmond Malacca Axona cultivar yield, kg/ tonne compost winter spring

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Straw of different types - New and old

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  • Fig. 8 Effect of wheat cultivar and site on mushroom yield

in flask experiment composts

200 400 600 800 1000 M a l a c c a R i c h m

  • n

d T a n k e r C l a i r e Yield, g/kg compost dry weight Limnavady Crossnacreevy Downpatrick Warwick HRI wheat cultivar

Effects of wheat cultivar and growing site

  • n mushroom yield
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Figure 4 Effect of wheat cultivar and site on % dry matter and dry matter digestibility 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 Malacca Richmond Tanker

% Dry Matter

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 Malacca Richmond Tanker

% Dry Matter Digestibility

Limavady Crossnacreevy Downpatrick Warwick HRI Wheat cultivar

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WHEAT STRAW ANALYSIS AND MUSHROOM CROPPING

  • 20% mushroom yield difference between ‘best’ and ‘worst’

straw batches

  • Growing site, N fertiliser and storage influenced wheat

straw properties and mushroom cropping

  • Barley, rape and rye straw can all be used

(at least 25%)

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WHEAT STRAW ANALYSIS AND MUSHROOM CROPPING

  • Wheat straw cultivar only had a small influence on straw

properties and mushroom cropping

  • No effects of fungicide (tebuconazle) or plant growth

regulator residues on spawn-run or yield

  • No relationship between mechanical properties and

mushroom yield

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WHEAT STRAW ANALYSIS AND MUSHROOM CROPPING

  • Straw with a high

* dry matter * dry matter digestability (pepsin and cellulase) * ratio of cellulose and hemi-cellulose to lignin (DTG) produced a higher mushroom yield than straw with low values

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STRAW QUESTIONS AND FUTURE

  • Is wheat straw best or should other straw types or blends

be used?

  • Is horse manure better than only straw?
  • What are the key properties of straw?
  • How can we adapt the composting process according to

straw analysis?

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ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS PROBLEMS

  • Cost – alternative uses, e.g. energy, feed
  • Local availability year round
  • High water content, low available C or N
  • Variability in composting and cropping
  • Change in properties during storage
  • EU waste legislation
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Tomato, pepper and cucumber haulms

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Vegetable wastes

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Separated spent mushroom compost

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Separated spent mushroom compost

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Broiler poultry manure

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Recycled ‘goody’ water

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  • Fig. 37 Relationship between electrical conductivity and dry

matter content of goody water samples y = 1.0849x + 0.2368 R2 = 0.928 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 10 15 20 25 30 EC ms/cm dry matter, %

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Pig manure and slurry Cattle slurry Fish by-products Shellfish wastes Wool waste

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Cocoa meal

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Anaerobic digestion

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PAS 110:2010 Specifi cation for whole digestate, separated liquor and separated fi bre derived from the anaerobic digestion of source-segregated biodegradable materials

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Ammonium sulphate

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50 100 150 200 250 300

wheat barley rye +carpet +SMC + veg inorgan.

Yield, g/kg compost fresh wt. Bench Large

LSD (P = 0.05) 100% Straw/poultry manure 75% Straw/poultry manure

+wool

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Effects of compost ingredients on mushroom quality

  • Shelf life
  • Dry matter content
  • Firmness/ Density
  • Whiteness/ Bruisability
  • Flavour
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Trichoderma aggressivum 23443B

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Second flush

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Effect of moulds on mushroom yield in different composts

100 200 300 400 500 600 Normal Dry Wet Mature Strawy Yield, g/kg Control Penicillium Trichoderma

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Agricultural gypsum

citric acid by-product gypsum

No gypsum

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PAS 109:2013

Specification for the production of reprocessed gypsum from waste plasterboard

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ALTERNATIVE CARBON, NITROGEN AND GYPSUM SOURCES

  • Glasshouse and vegetable wastes, separated SMC and

animal manures/ by-products usable

  • Digestates are a possible ingredient
  • Plasterboard and citric acid gypsum,

ammonium sulphate + chalk can be used

  • EU legislation interferes with some materials
  • Effects of raw materials on yield, quality and compost

moulds need to be considered

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ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS – QUESTIONS AND FUTURE

  • Do we need alternatives to straw, horse manure and

poultry manure?

  • What are the implications for organic compost?
  • EU waste legislation – collaboration?
  • Is further research needed?
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Raw materials for Agricus compost

Ralph Noble, East Malling Research, UK