R&D Centers and Schools for Carbon Management and Sustainable Energy Future: India’s Perspective B. KUMAR Visiting Consultant, RE-SOIL CERS , Bharathidasan University Tiruchirapalli-620 023 INDIA (Former Sct. G & Head, Surface Geochemical Prospecting and Carbon Sequestration, NGRI, Hyderabad ,India) Ph. 91- 9849934935 (Mob.) 91-40-27175910 (Res.) E-mail: baleshk@yahoo.com
What is Carbon Management ? • Carbon management is a new world wide R & D initiative for capture and storage of CO 2 to mitigate global climate change and is one of greatest environmental challenges the world community is facing. The capture of CO 2 from point sources and storing it in geological formations such as depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs for oil/gas recovery, coal beds, deep saline aquifers and basalt formations are the most viable options. • Fossil fuel based thermal power stations are the largest point sources of CO 2 emissions and are considered to be a major driver of global environmental change.
India ’ s Energy Scenario Nuclear + Renewable (2%) Hydro(2%) Gas (9%) India ’ s Power Scenario Renewable (9%) Nuclear (3%) Oil (36%) Coal (51%) Hydro (25%) Coal (52%) India ’ s Fossil fuel energy scenario is mostly driven by Oil & Gas (11%) coal, oil and gas. Source: Planning Commission of India
World primary energy consumption Source: OIL, Infraline
Primary energy consumption per capita
SEDIMENTARY BASIN MAP OF INDIA Category Basin Basinal Area (upto 200m (Sq.Km.x 10 3 ) isobath) I Cambay 53 Assam Shelf 56 Bombay Offshore 116 Krishna Godavari 52 Cauvery 55 Assam-Arakan 60 Rajasthan 126 II Kutch 48 Andaman-Nicobar 47 III Himalayan Foreland 30 Ganga 186 Vindhyan 162 Saurashtra 80 Kerala-Konkan-L.dweep 94 Mahanadi 69 Bengal 89 IV Karewa 4 Spiti-Zanskar 22 Satpura-Rewa-Damodar 46 Narmada 17 Deccan Syneclise 273 Bhima-Kaladgi 9 Cuddapah 39 Pranhita-Godavari 15 Bastar 5 Chattisgarh 32 Total 1,785 Deep Waters Kori-Comorin 85 0 E Narcodam 1,350 Source: DGH
India’s Hydrocarbon Resources, Reserves & Production • India ’ s total hydrocarbon resources, including deep waters, are estimated to be approximately 28 billion tonnes oil & oil-equivalent gas. • As on April 2008, the ultimate reserves of oil & oil-equivalent gas are 3.37 billion tonnes. • The oil and gas production is estimated to be 34.13 (MMT) and 32.40 (OEG, MMT), respectively.
India's Coal Reserves State State Coal Resources in Million Tonnes Coal Resources in Million Tonnes Proved Proved Indicated Indicated Inferred Inferred Total Total Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh 8263 8263 6079 6079 2584 2584 16926 16926 Arunachal Arunachal 31 31 40 40 19 19 90 90 Pradesh Pradesh Assam Assam 279 279 27 27 34 34 340 340 Bihar Bihar 0 0 0 0 160 160 160 160 Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh 9373 9373 26191 26191 4411 4411 39975 39975 Jharkhand Jharkhand 35417 35417 30439 30439 6348 6348 72204 72204 Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh 7513 7513 8815 8815 2904 2904 19232 19232 Maharashtra Maharashtra 4653 4653 2309 2309 1620 1620 8582 8582 Meghalaya Meghalaya 117 117 41 41 301 301 459 459 Nagaland Nagaland 4 4 1 1 15 15 20 20 Orissa Orissa 15161 15161 30976 30976 14847 14847 60984 60984 Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh 766 766 296 296 0 0 1062 1062 West Bengal West Bengal 11383 11383 11876 11876 4554 4554 27813 27813 Total Total 92960 92960 117090 117090 37797 37797 247847 247847 Formation Formation Proved Proved Indicated Indicated Inferred Inferred Total Total Gondwana Gondwana 92528 92528 116984 116984 37428 37428 246940 246940 Coals Coals Tertiary Coals Tertiary Coals 432 432 106 106 369 369 907 907 Total Total 92960 92960 117090 117090 37797 37797 247847 247847
R&D Centres for Carbon Management in India Government Sector -- Department of Science & Technology (DST) -- Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) -- Indian Institute of Petroleum(IIP), Dehradun -- National Chemical Laboratory(NCL), Pune -- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute( NEERI) , Nagpur -- National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) , Hyderabad -- National Institute of Oceanography(NIO), Goa
Public / Private Sector • Gujarat Energy Research & Management Institute (GERMI),Gandhinagar • Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADE), New Delhi • Oil & Natural Gas Corporation(ONGC) • National Thermal Power Corporation(NTPC) • Shell India, Bangalore • Tata Energy Research Institute(TERI), New Delhi • Carbon Minus
Schools for Carbon Management & Energy Research in India -- Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai -- Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
R & D Activities on Carbon Capture in India -- NEERI has developed and patented molecular sieve (Zeolite-5A) from fly ash technology which can be used for selective adsorption of CO 2 using Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) technology. Research efforts have also been initiated for the production of Zeolite based photo-catalyst to convert CO 2 into value products like alcohols etc. and use of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) for acceleration of CO 2 conversion into bicarbonate ion in aquatic medium. -- IIP has developed PSA technology comprising of a four step PSA cycle to capture the CO 2 at 30-35 ° and pressures of 2.5-5.2 bars using commercially available adsorbent (F-300 activated carbon) and feed of 8-12% CO 2 in nitrogen. The technology has been successful to bring down the CO 2 level to 0-1.5% from 8-12 vol. %. The future studies shall focus on optimization of new PSA cycles for high purity CO 2 production, development of adsorbents for CO 2 capture at high temperatures and use of actual flue gas.
R & D Activities on Carbon Capture in India -- NEERI is working on Biomimetic Sequestration, a particular aspect of biological process for resolving a specific non biological problem. The Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) is used as a catalyst for the conversion of CO 2 into bicarbonates and later to carbonates or amino acids. -- NEERI an NIO are augmenting technology for Iron Fertilization, which implies the introduction of iron to the upper ocean to increase productivity of marine food chain which in turn increases CO 2 sequestration from the atmosphere into the oceans. Marine plankton growth is enhanced by physically distributing the iron particles in nutrient rich but iron deficient ocean water using suitable delivering systems based on biomaterials.
R&D Activities on Carbon Storage in India -- Geological Carbon Dioxide Storage in Basalt Formations of India ( NGRI, DST & TERI) -- Carbon Dioxide Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers (DST) -- CO 2 – EOR (ONGC)
Geological CO 2 Sequestration in Basalt Formations of India Objective Evaluation of Basalt Formations of India for environmentally safe and irreversible long time storage of CO 2 .
Why are Indian Basalts attractive proposition for CO 2 sequestration ? Ø Deccan Basalts cover an area of 500x10 3 sq. km. and form one of the largest flood eruptions in the world. Ø Composed of typically 48 flows. Ø The thickness of basalts varies from few hundreds of meters to > 1.5 km. Ø Basalts provide solid cap rocks and thus high level of integrity for CO 2 storage. Ø Basalts react with CO 2 and convert the CO 2 into the mineral carbonates that means high level of security. Ø Intertrappeans between basalt flows provide major porosity and permeability along with vescicular, brecciated zones with in the flows. Ø Tectonically the traps are considered to be stable. Ø Geophysical studies have revealed presence of thick Mesozoic and Gondwana sediments below the Deccan Traps.
Deccan basalts vs Columbia River basalts Ø The most common flow type of the Deccan Trap and Columbia River Basalt is the Pahoeho sheet flows. Due to the lesser viscosity and less strain it forms large horizontal sheets. Ø Both Deccan Flood Basalts and Columbia River Basalts are tholeiitic (cinopyroxene and plagioclase) in nature and the eruptions are of fissure type. Ø Both are continental basalts. Columbia River Basalt is fully continental and Deccan Traps are partly continental. Ø Both the basaltic flows have traveled as much as 300 to 500 km from their sources. Ø Chemical composition of both the basalts are similar .
Recommend
More recommend
