Quark Gluon Plasmas ??? Perfect Fluid? sQGP? Color Glasma? AdS 5 Black Hole? Janus: the doorkeeper of Heaven Femto Cosmology with A+A @ LHC M.Gyulassy, Columbia Uni. / Helmholtz Alliance M.G., L. McLerran, Nucl.Phys.A750:30-63,2005 GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-1
Outline: 1)The QGP corner of EMMI's Landscape 2) QGP thermodynamics 3) Elliptic Flow Barometer 4) Jet Tomography Some Startup Homework Problems for EMMI GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-2
EMMI Landscape =c=1 =0, c= ∞ Mini Bangs T = ∞ Plasmas Femto Lasers Cosmology µ = 0 µ = ∞ Neutron Star Z e >1 T = 0 Super Nova Trapped =1 BEC, BCS SU(3) U(1) GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-3 M.Gyulassy, Columbia/Helmholtz Alliance
Modelling Strongly Interacting Quark Gluon Plasmas On the Fragile Boundary between g=0 (wQGP) and g= ∞ (sQGP ~ AdS/CFT) 0 ∞ Perturbative Dual ??? Gauge Field Geometry Theory (Gravity) QCD AdS/CFT M. Gyulassy (Columbia Uni) 4/15/08 APS/HEDP St. Louis GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-4
GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-5
Cosmic vs Nuclear Time Machines Natural In Lab Time Time BIG BANG g mini bang g Now Now -10 -23 sec -10 +17 sec • 10 10 mini bangs RHIC • 1 BIG BANG event ● Many probes: Flow, Jets, – Few probes: CMB , He/p, Strangeness, Charm, e, , – Future: Neutrino ICE 3 ● 0.0-0 Femto-meters Gravity Waves GEO, LIGO ● Future: LHC (starts next month) GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-6
Big Bang Nuclear Freeze-out blinds cosmologists to t<3 minutes but is a critical consistency test of BB 15 10 Blind 12 10 Hadrons T (K) 9 10 He 4 /p, D 2 /p Nuclei 6 10 Freeze-out Blind 3 10 CMB Freeze-out 0 10 2008 10 - 10 - 9 5 2 12 18 21 10 10 10 10 t (sec) RHIC and LHC A+A -> sQGP probe matter with GSI 7/16/08 T~ 10 12 K (t BB ~ 10 -5 sec) Gyulassy-7
Experiment ~1600 Pb + Heat --> Au + Stuff ?? Finally succeeded in GSI 375 years later! GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-8
RHIC Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider @ BNL • Since 2000 - • 3.8 km circ. collider • 4 Experiments – STAR – PHENIX: – BRAHMS – PHOBOS • p+p, d+A, A+A • Energy: 500 GeV for p-p 5-200 AGeV for A+A 39 TeV Au+Au 13 TeV Cu+Cu GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-9
Mont Blanc Starbucks Geneva Pb LHC 2009 - CERN CERN Pb QGP GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-10
PBM with ALICE in Wonderland c/o Time Projection Chamber GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-11
A typical mini bang at RHIC ~10,000 γ, e - , π + 0 − , Κ , ω, Ω − − , Ν ∗ , ... ? 100 AGeV Au 197 100 AGeV Au 197 cm m, p y ~ -Log 2 STAR TPC GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-12
Part 2: QCD Thermodynamics EMMI prob 1: need to break the thermo impass QCD quasiparticle vs Lattice vs AdS gravity duals vs .... GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-13
The ideal Quark Gluon Plasma 1975 1884 Expect a Phase Transition at T c where confined quarks and gluons inside Hadrons T<Tc are liberated to “Roam Freely” in a QGP GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-14
Entropy ~ K T 3 Production in A+A Bjorken 1982 GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-15
Hadro-synthesis near T ~ 200 MeV ~2x10 12 K at RHIC is a prerequisite consistency test of sQGP thermo interpretation AA data Test at RHIC was past A+. So OK to go onto next tests ... Test was also past at SPS but 2 nd Elliptic Flow Test and 3 rd Jet Opacity Test Unfortunately Failed ! P.Braun-Munzinger, K.Redlich and J.Stachel, GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-16 ``Particle production in heavy ion collisions,'' nucl-th/0304013.
Modern Cartoon of QGP Phase Diagram (J.Wambach 2006) Gedanken Hadro synthesis data ~ -1 /Fm 3 c GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-17
How strongly is the Quark Gluon Plasma coupled ? S/S Entropy/Non Interacting Entropy SB NLO 2Loop HTL weak QCD: Braaten et al Lattice JP. Blaizot et al lattice QCD: F. Karsch et al AdS/CFT: Gubser, Klebanov, ... How to explain 10-20% deviations from g=0 Stefan-Boltzmann? As a g = Black Hole in 5D AdS 5 ? As a dynamically screened g ~ 2 quasiparticle gas? Lattice “data” indicate that QGP T~3Tc is at the ~1 “EMMI” boundary between the pQCD and AdS/CFT worlds: wQGP ~ sQGP similar to J.-P. Blaizot, et al hep-ph/0611393 GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-18
THE Idea: Look for soluble field theory analog of the insoluble QCD More Symmetry => More Constraints => Solutions are easier well known QM examples: SU(N) Harmonic Oscillator O(4) Hydrogen Atom In Field Theory it seems that the SO(2,4) Super-conformal N=4 Super-Symmetric Yang Mills distant cousin of QCD may be exactly soluable in a very special strong coupling limit Maldecena Conjecture d (1998) (Maldecena, Klebanov, Witten) In this limit, strongly coupled quantum N=4 SYM in 4D is dual to classical weak gravity in the 10D curved space time:AdS 5 X S 5 Conformal SO(2,4) group in 4D ~ Isometry SO(2,4) group of 5Dim AdS GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-19
A. Peshier and W. Cassing : hep-ph/0502138 The entropy s(T) and the interaction measure w = e−3p, in units of the Stefan-Boltzmann limits s 0 and p 0 , from this fitted dynamical quasiparticle model in comparison to lattice calculations. The lower part shows the adjusted mass M and width . Overdamped Modes ! GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-20
sQGP at Cross Roads of Physics Kaluza-Klein 1926 Super Strings -> TEO 1998 Gen Rel + Xtra Dims = Gravity +Gauge Th Maldacena, Klebanov, Witten, … �� N �  AdS/CFT Conjecture c   � 2 g N c N =4 SYM Yang-Mills 1954 lattice QCD perturb QCD SU(N c ) X SU(N f ) QCD = Nuclear Physics Perfect Fluidity RHIC Experiments >2000 sQGP A+A -> 10 4 .. Jet Quenching LHC > 2008 GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-21
• Is the quasiparticle QCD paradigm of QGP really dead † ? • • Should we abandon QCD & jump into the AdS 5 Black Hole † ? • • Or have reports of its early demise been exaggerated * ? • • We need to devise A+A signatures to let RHIC/LHC decide 1 ! EMMI prob 1: How to understand QGP thermo † ) K. Rajagopal , D. Kharzeev, E. Shuryak , D. Son... * ) J.P.Blaizot, A.Rebhan, E.Braaten, L.Mclerran, ... 1) M.G., W. Horowitz, S. Wicks, J. Noronha, ... GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-22
Part 3: Elliptic Flow as sQGP Barometer EMMI prob 2: Initial Condition EMMI prob 3: QGP ShearViscosity (EMMI prob 4: Hadronization interface and bulk viscosity ) GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-23
Femto Cosmology Probes sQGP Matter Produced in AA • Azimuthal Elliptic Barometer : Differential Collective Flow • Longitudinal Directed • Transverse Radial Thermometer: Photons , dilepton Pairs, vector mesons Critical Phenomena: Hadron Species Ratios and Fluctuations Tomography : Short wavelength Jets, Heavy Quark Jets Exotic Searches: Multiquark states, Femto Junction fullerenes, CP violating domains … GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-24
V 2 = < Cos( 2 ) > GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-25
Transverse Elliptic Flow is main Barometric probe of sQGP Pressure - y V 2 (p T ) = < Cos( 2 ) > dN (p , ) STAR 2002 ^ ch reac p T >2 GeV Initial spatial anisotropy Final momentum anisotropy y p y z=0 P z =0 x p x   n T (x) 0 GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-26 Stoecker, Greiner 84, Ollitrault 92
Elliptic flow is sensitive to Initial AA Geometry : Cylinder, Participant Glauber, or Color Glass Condensate r (p ,m) Hirano et al 05 Hirano et al 05 ^ y y x x ~ 0.2 “Perfect Fluid” elliptic flow if v Perfect Fluid” elliptic flow if v 2 “ 2 ~ 0.2 < 0.2 Imperfect viscous flow if v Imperfect viscous flow if v 2 2 < 0.2 GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-27
Perfect Fluidity was not seen before below RHIC energies Elliptic v 2 flow seen everywhere ~ Perfect fluidity seen only at RHIC M. Bleichert, et al UrQMD, Transport Kolb, Heinz: Euler Hydrodynamics (1 Keppler=30 years of data!) Measure of density dN ch /dyd 2 x Ordinary hadron resonance matter is a poor viscous fluid, while highest density appears to flow ideally GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-28
GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-29
Hirano, Nara, et al 05 EMMI Prob 2 : AA Initial Geometry and Flow v 2 (p T ,m) for identified hadrons is very sensitive to A+A-> sQGP Initial Condition Geometry Glauber geometry Glauber geometry Color Glass geometry Color Glass geometry v 2 (Glaub) ~ v 2 (data) v 2 (CGC) > v 2 (data) !! v 2 (Glaub) ~ v 2 (data) v 2 (CGC) > v 2 (data) !! Glauber+Data => “sQGP” is Perfect Fluid CGC+Data => “sQGP” is Imperfect Fluid !! GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-30
EMMI Prob 3: What is Shear Viscosity of sQGP ? GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-31
A recent challenge to the strong coupling paradigm from quasiparticle Radiative Gluon Transport, GSI 7/16/08 Gyulassy-32
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