Psychopathy and gender: Examining validity of the PPI:SF and TriPM - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Psychopathy and gender: Examining validity of the PPI:SF and TriPM Viljoen, S., Cook, A. N., Layden, B. K., Murray, A. A., McGinnis, C. R., & Hart, S. D. � IAFMHS, Maastricht, June 2013 �

BACKGROUND: Psychopathy Measures and Gender Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

• Generalizability of measures of PPD with female populations? (Nicholls & Petrilla, 2005) • Developed and validated with male samples • assumption of generalizability • Studies have found gender bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders as well as in the prediction of future violence (Garb et al., 1997; Jane et al. 2007; Skeem et al. 2005). • Even when studies use mix gender do not usually separate out the gender so there is the risk that difference will be missed BACKGROUND Department name/presenter name �

• Lilienfeld, 2004 • Self-report measure of PPD • 56-items that yield a total score and Factor 1 & 2 • Eight subscales Machiavellian egocentricity � Fearlessness � Social Potency � Blame externalization � Coldheartedness � Impulsive nonconformity � Carefree nonplanfulness � Stress Immunity � • 4-point Likert scale • False, Somewhat False, Somewhat True, and True • Well validated BACKGROUND: Psychopathic Personality Inventory Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

• Patrick, 2010 • 58 items • Triarchic conceptual model of psychopathy • Three concepts measured Boldness � Disinhibition � Meanness � • 4-point Likert scale • True, Somewhat True, Somewhat False, and False • Research validating the TriPM still in its infancy • No studies looking at gender in community sample BACKGROUND: Triarchic Psychopathy Measure Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

• N = 523 • University undergraduate students • Part of a larger study: • Online survey through a secure web server • Several common measures of PPD and BPD • This presentation will be looking at the following two measures: Psychopathic Personality Inventory Short-Form � • PPI:SF; Lilienfeld, 2004 � Triarchic Psychopathy Measure � • TriPM; Patrick, 2010 � METHODS Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

• 40.9% Male • M age 19.91, SD = 2.11, range 17-37 Race/Ethnicity % identified Asian (Chinese, Japanese, etc.) 46.7 Black (African, Caribbean, etc.) 1.3 Aboriginal /First Nations (Inuit, Métis, etc.) 1.1 South Asian (East Indian, Pakistani, etc.) 18.7 White (Eastern/Western European, etc.) 29.4 South East Asian (Vietnamese, Filipino, etc.) 5.7 Other 4.6 Note . total does not = 100% because participants could select multiple ethnicities SAMPLE DEMOGRAPHICS Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

Scale Male Female Total .80 .87 Factor 1 .81 .84 Factor 2 .84 .86 Machiavellian Egocentricity .75 .78 Social Potency .69 .79 Coldheartedness .72 .71 Carefree Nonplanfulness .71 .68 Fearlessness .75 .80 Blame externalization .80 .85 Impulsive nonconformity .68 .76 Stress Immunity .76 .84 Note . Cronbach’s α reported above RESULTS: Reliability for PPI:SF by Gender Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

Scale Canada . � Male Female Total .85 .88 Boldness .80 .82 Disinhibition .85 .85 Meaness .85 .86 Note . Chronbach’s α reported above RESULTS: Reliability for TriPM by Gender Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

*** *** *** Note. *** p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed) RESULTS: PPI:SF T-Test Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

*** *** *** Note. *** p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed) RESULTS: TriPM T-Test Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

Measure � Overall Cut Score � PPI:SF � 132 � TriPM � 73 � Measure � Male � Female � PPI:SF � 136 � 125 � TriPM � 82 � 65 � RESULTS: Cut-off Scores Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

PPI:SF Gender <75 quartile >75 quartile Female 227 33 Male 149 62 Χ 2 (1) = 28.61, p =0.000 RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic categorization Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

TriPM Gender <75 quartile >75 quartile Female 285 20 Male 154 52 Χ 2 (1) = 35.46 p =0.000 RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic categorization Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

PPI:SF TriPM <75 quartile >75 quartile 344 41 <75 quartile 42 89 >75 quartile Kappa = .574, p =0.000 RESULTS: Diagnostic Agreement Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

Female PPI:SF TriPM <75 quartile >75 quartile 204 23 <75 quartile 22 55 >75 quartile Kappa = .610, p =0.000 RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic agreement Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

Male PPI:SF TriPM <75 quartile >75 quartile 127 27 <75 quartile 18 33 >75 quartile Kappa = .445, p =0.000 RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic agreement Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

• Good internal consistency for both genders • PPI:SF: Total and Factor 1 and Factor 2 • TriPM: Total and all subscales • Questionable consistency on PPI:SF • Males; social potency and Impulsive nonconformity • Females; carefree nonplanfulness • Females scored significantly lower on • PPI:SF Total, Factor 1 & Factor 2 • TriPM Total, Boldness, Meaness, and Disinhibition • Cut-off scores at least 10 points lower for females on both measures • More males in the top quartile on both PPI:SF and TriPm • Good diagnostic agreement overall & for both genders Summary Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

Research on potential gender difference in PPD Self report measures limited � Among first to investigate TriPM in community sample � Our findings add to current research � Ultimately inform Clinical Practice � Implications for Research and Practice Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �

Questions/Comments? Contact: sviljoen@sfu.ca Thank you! Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology �