Proto-Ersuic and Doshu Dominic Yu UC Berkeley 2019 June 25, ICSTLL52@Sydney
Doshu/Tosu/ 多续 Duoxu • do ˥ɕ u ˥ , ɕ u < *su ‘nominalizer (person)’ • Mianning, Sichuan • 9 speakers as of 2013, ages 67-83 • new data: Huang&Yin 2012, Chirkova&Handel 2013–16 • Doshu is part of Ersuic! (descends from Proto-Ersuic)
尔苏语属 于羌 语 支……羌 语 支 语 言有一 个 最明 显 的特 点 就是 它的 动词 有 趋 向范 畴 ……而多 续语动词则无趋 向范 畴 …… 从 词汇 和 语 法比 较来 看，多 续语 不是 尔苏语 的方言。 (Huang and Yin 2012) Dominic Yu’s (2012) reconstruction of what he terms Proto-Ersuic establishes that Ersu and Lizu are closely related. However, the innovated directional verb pre fj xes and other evidence leave Duoxu outside of not just Proto-Ersuic but outside of Proto-Qiangic. Duoxu seems to have two directional verb pre fj xes, but they match neither Proto-Qiang nor anything else so far, a pattern that suggests the presence of directional pre fj xes in Duoxu is areal, not genetic. (Thurgood 2017)
Mianning "Tibet" Jiulong %& ' ! ! ! "# "# Muli Burma Yunnan #$ !"
Ersu Lizu Doshu
Proto-Ersuic phonemic inventory bilabial dental retrofmex palato-alveolar palatal velar glottal stop b p pʰ d t tʰ g k kʰ mb mph nd nth ŋg ŋkʰ hp ht rd hk rg afgricate dz ts tsh dʐ tʂ tʂh dʒ tʃ tʃh dʑ tɕ tɕh ndz ntsh ndʐ ntʂh ndʒ ntʃ ndʑ ntɕh hts htʂ htʃ htɕ nasal m n ŋ ȵ approximant w l ɬ r j fricative s z ʂ ʐ ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ x ɣ h h ŋ hm hn PEr Doshu gloss PTB s ȵ sn *dekʰrɑ¹ kʰa⁴⁴ bitter PTB *ka i iu ui u ri riu ru ĩ ũ *zikæ ! ʑi⁴⁴ka⁵³ foolish/stupid PLB *ʔga² je wE wo re ro jẽ wõ *kwɑ/kɑ² ja³²-ka⁴⁴ all PLB *ka¹ e ew o ræ rɑ ẽ õ *gægæ¹ dʑa⁵³ sing/dance PTB *ga (w)æ ja (w)ɑ ɑ̃ *gæ/gja¹ dʑa³² like/love PTB *m/d-ga *ŋgæ¹ (n)dʑa⁵³(- door PTB *ka an am pu³²) Figure 2.2: Proto-Ersuic rhymes *ŋrɑ² ŋo³² fjve PTB *l-ŋa ⪤ *b-ŋa *rgwæ¹ wa⁵³-dʑu³² rain PTB *r/g-wa ⪤ 2.5 Tones *s-wa *tʰegri¹ ge⁴⁴ hear PTB *gra *xui¹ ɕe⁵³-ma³² tooth PTB *swa As noted above, tones are not part of the Proto-Ersuic syllable proper; a brief overview is *deɣwæ¹ ɣa⁵³=la³² full (satiated) PTB *k-wa included here to complete the schema for the reconstructions presented below. *rA¹ wa⁵³=la³² obtain PLB *k-ra³ Two tones are reconstructed for Proto-Ersuic, and they are marked with superscript ¹ and ² where *ȵa¹ ɲa⁴⁴ sick/ache PTB *na-t it is possible to make an educated guess at the proto-tone; the remaining forms are left unmarked *bæȵa¹ ba⁵³ɲa³² listen PTB *r-na *breȵa¹ ba⁵³ȵa³² rest PTB *g-na-s for tone. Chapter 5 describes the process used to try to determine the tonal categories of the *ʑa¹ -ja⁵³ hundred PTB *r-gya reconstructed words. *ʑa¹ ja²¹tsʰɿ⁴⁴ pants PTB *s-la *ʃi² ʃe⁴⁴ meat PTB *sya *læ¹ la³² come PTB *la *læ¹ la³² tiger PTB *la *ɬæ¹ la³⁴ god/spirit PTB *m-hla *ɬæ lja³⁴ month PTB *s-(g)la * ɬæ pʰe¹ ɲe³² -ma⁵³ moon *nɑ² ɲeə˞ ³⁴-pu³² ear PTB *g-na ⪤ *r-na *tsʰi² tɕʰi⁴⁴ salt PTB *tsa *tsʰæ² tɕʰa⁴⁴ hot PTB *tsa *dzi² dʑi³² eat PTB *dzya *zi² ʑi³² son PTB *za *tʰæ- tʰa- neg. imp. PTB *ta 1 16
1 A Brief Overview of Doshu Doshu ( do˥ɕu˥ , cf. Sūn 1982; aka “Tosu” per Nishida 1973; or the pinyinized “Duoxu” per Chirkova), is a moribund language spoken in Mianning County, Sichuan. The phonology of Doshu is outlined in both Chirkova 2014 and 2015; unfortunately the transcription systems used in the pre-2015 papers differ from that used in 2015 and 2016. The later system has the 1 A Brief Overview of Doshu unfortunate characteristic of being harder to read, having undergone too much phonological analysis (at least, for our purposes). 1 For this reason, the Doshu transcription used in this paper Doshu ( do˥ɕu˥ , cf. Sūn 1982; aka “Tosu” per Nishida 1973; or the pinyinized “Duoxu” per will be based on the slightly older system. Chirkova), is a moribund language spoken in Mianning County, Sichuan. 2 The phonology of Doshu is outlined in both Chirkova 2014 and 2015; note, however, that the transcription systems used in the pre-2015 papers differ from that used in 2015 and 2016. The Doshu transcription used 1.1 Phonology in this paper will be based on the slightly older system, since it tends to represent the phonetic values more closely, 3 which makes comparative work easier. The phonological inventory of Doshu is presented below, in a manner consistent with those presented in Yu 2012, ch. 1. The consonants of Doshu are as follows: 1.1 Phonology Doshu phonemic inventory labial dental (alveolo)palatal postalveolar velar stop b p pʰ d t tʰ g k kʰ The phonological inventory of Doshu is presented below, in a manner consistent with those (mb) (nd) (ŋg) presented in Yu 2012, ch. 1. The consonants of Doshu are as follows: afgricate dz ts tsʰ dʑ tɕ tɕʰ dʒ tʃ tʃʰ labial dental palato-alveolar (alveolo)palatal velar (ndʑ) stop b p pʰ d t tʰ g k kʰ nasal m n ɲ ŋ (mb) (nd) (ŋg) afgricate dz ts tsʰ dʒ tʃ tʃʰ dʑ tɕ tɕʰ approximant w l j (ndʑ) fricative f v s z ɕ ʑ ʃ ʒ x ɣ nasal m n ɲ ŋ approximant w l j The prenasalized consonants appear to be on their way out. As we shall see below, prenasalized fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ x ɣ initials from Proto-Ersuic are not consistently preserved in Doshu. The vowels are as follows: The prenasalized consonants appear to be on their way out. As we shall see below, prenasalized initials from Proto-Ersuic are not consistently preserved in Doshu. i ɿ u ⁴⁴ ˦ ɤ The vowels are as follows: e o ⁵³ ˥˧ i ɿ u ɚ ɤ ³² ˧˨ e o ɚ ³⁴ ˧˦ a a 1 For example, in the newer transcription system, the reader is burdened with having to remember things like /va/ and /vo/ actually representing [wa] and [wo] (while /ve/ and /vu/ are simply [ve] and [vu]). In addition, some of The apical vowel -ɿ can be analyzed as an allophone of -i after the dental and postalveolar the later analysis contradicts data presented in previous papers, e.g., Chirkova 2015 lists only a voiced uvular frica- fricatives/affricates. tive /ʁ/ and no voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ in the phonological inventory, stating that “The uvular voiced fricative only occurs before /a/ (as in /ʁa³¹/ ‘needle’, /ʁa⁵³/ ‘be full (after meal)’.” However, Chirkova 2014 lists a voiced velar 2 Chirkova (2014) reports that there were nine speakers as of 2013. 3 For example, in the newer transcription system, the reader must remember that /va/ and /vo/ actually represent fricative instead, along with the comment that it appears before both /e/ and /a/, and that it has a uvular allophone be- fore /a/. The example lexical item before the vowel /e/, ɣe⁴⁴ ‘to be thick, coarse’, is nowhere to be found in Chirkova [wa] and [wo] (while /ve/ and /vu/ are simply [ve] and [vu]). In addition, some of the later analysis seems to contra- dict data presented in previous papers, e.g., Chirkova 2015 lists a voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/ (but no velar fricative 2015. /ɣ/ ) in the phonemic inventory and states that it “only occurs before /a/ (as in /ʁa³¹/ ‘needle’, /ʁa⁵³/ ‘be full (after meal)’.” However, Chirkova 2014 analyzes [ʁ] as an allophone of /ɣ/ , along with an example of /ɣ/ before the vowel /e/, ɣe⁴⁴ ‘to be thick, coarse’, which is not found in Chirkova 2015. 2 2
PEr(2012) Doshu gloss notes *mæ- ma- neg. *tʰæ- tʰa- neg. imp. *ji (j)i genitive *ja- ja³²- comparative *-su -ɕu⁴⁴ nom. (person) *-le -le⁴⁴ nom. (purposive) *pʰæ pʰa³² can, be able to *æ- a⁵⁴- interrogative *-zi -ʑi⁵³ -ty (bound form of ‘ten’ used in forty- ninety) *dʒo¹ dʑo⁴⁴ have/exist (animate) *bo¹ bo⁵³ have/exist (valuable) *dʐiu¹ OR dʒe⁵³ ‘have/exist have/exist (container) [not in Ersu] *dʒiu¹ (movable)’ *hɑ̃¹ ȵi⁴⁴ have/exist (immovable) *dʒwɑ¹ - have/exist (movable) *niu¹ - have/exist (general) *de- *ne- - various directional prefjxes *kʰe- *ŋe- *tʰe- PEr(2012) Doshu gloss notes *hko¹ ku³²-ku⁴⁴ hole *hkwɑ qɑ⁵⁵ skinny *hke¹ kʰo³⁴-ma³² hawk This form is problematic since the initial is aspirated, whereas the other forms with velar initials are not. *htʃiu² tsʰɿ⁴⁴ ? feces This form is also problematic, both for the aspirated initial and the place of articulation. In the particular case of preaspirated dental stop initials, we find a peculiar pattern: the Doshu reflexes of these etyma all have palatal nasal initials (with the exception of ‘thousand’, which may be a Tibetan loan). This would seem to suggest revised reconstructions with something like *s + nasal initials. PEr(2012) Doshu gloss notes *sini/htimi¹ ɲe³²-ma⁵³, ɲe³³-mi⁵³ heart *sni(mi)¹ * sti m(b)u¹ ɲa³² -ku⁵³ nose * snam m(b)u¹ *sini/stẽ² ɲe³⁴ seven *snẽ² lo⁴⁴-ɲi⁴⁴-pʰa⁴⁴ fjnger 1 *lesne/lesẽ, cf. Lizu(Mianning) løʃtø, Lizu(Kala) ᴸᴾletu 1 The root for ‘finger’ was not reconstructed with a preaspirated initial in Yu 2012 since there were no other forms 1
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