Progress in the Development of Osmotic Power Presented at the 2011 Quingdao International Conference on Desalination and Water Reuse by Werner Kofod Nielsen, Senior Advisor, Statkraft
STATKRAFT IS EUROPE'S LEADER IN RENEWABLE ENERGY. THE GROUP DEVELOPS AND GENERATES HYDROPOWER, WIND POWER, GAS POWER AND DISTRICT HEATING, AND IS A MAJOR PLAYER ON THE EUROPEAN ENERGY EXCHANGES.
STATKRAFT IN BRIEF IN RENEWABLES IN EUROPE NO. 1 NORDIC POWER GENERATOR NO. 3 NO No. 1 pow er 86% RENEWABLE ENERGY generator (35 %) FLEXIBLE POWER GENERATION 98% SE OWNED BY THE KINGDOM OF 100 % No. 4 pow er generator NORWAY (5%) UK Extensive w ind pow er initiatives Installed capacity (15.8 GW) GER Gas Major player w ithin 14 % flexible pow er and trading Wind 2 % SE EUROPE Grow th outside Hydropow er Europe through SN Hydro development 84 % Pow er Page 3 Hydropower Gas power District heating * Nordic excl. Norway, Europe excl. Nordic, World excl. Europe Distribution grid Wind power
STATKRAFT’S BASIC BUSINESS CONCEPT Environment – friendly power production THIS IS A DUMMY Page 4 TITLE
PRESSURE RETARDED OSMOSIS (PRO) OR OSMOTIC POWER 5 Company presentation 2009
FROM SALT TO ELECTRICITY
COMPETITIVENESS Potential of 16 - 1700 TWh, of which 180 in Europe 160 LCOE €/ MWh 1 Forecast 115 2020 Osmotic Power 110 90 50-100 €/ MWh 85 80 65 65 65 55 Gas, Nuclear Hydro, Wind, Wind, Solar, CSP Coal, PCC Hydro, Biomass Oil, CC CCGT dam offshore running onshore 1. Levelized cost of Energy 2. Source: EU Second Strategic Energy Review (2008), Moderate fuel price scenario; BCG
THE TOFTE PROTOTYPE PLANT THIS IS A DUMMY Page 8 TITLE
PROTOTYPE – MAIN ACTIVITIES In operation since November 2009 Main activities Monitoring of membrane performance Cleaning and maintenance of membranes PX operation in PRO, pressure requirements Pretreatment fresh water optimization Pretreatment seawater optimization Design and start-up of single membrane module test units
PRE-TREATMENT Sea water filtration with 50 micron filter Fresh water filtration with CA UF membrane Back flushing Sanitation After one year low degree of fouling THIS IS A DUMMY Page 10 TITLE
AFTER ONE YEAR 1. generation membranes and elements CA membranes, PRO spiral wound design Installed November 2009 2. generation membranes and elements TFC membranes, PRO spiral wound design Installed January 2011 28 m 2 per element, 66 elements THIS IS A DUMMY Page 11 TITLE
RESULTS Experience with operation of a complete PRO plant Experience with spiral wound elements Measurement of power efficiency Fine tuning of operating parameters Results with 1. generation CA membranes Results with 2. generation TFC membranes THIS IS A DUMMY Page 12 TITLE
PRO MEMBRANE STRUCTURE FOR FLAT SHEET Ultrathin Barrier Layer < 0.1 μm ( Water Flux and Selectivity ) Micro-porous Support Based on PS or PEI ( Mechanical Strength ) Support Web Based on Non-woven Polyester Cross-section Illustration of ( Mechanical Strength ) TFC PRO Membrane Barrier Layer (selective layer) : Crosslinked Polyamide Based on m -Phenylene Diamine (MPD) So far this membrane has given the best results in and tri-Mesoyl Acid Chloride via Interfacial Polymerization lab tests and in the Tofte prototype plant Micro-porous Support Layer : PS or PEI (Thickness ~ 40 - 60 μm ) may have finger structure or Further development indicates that power efficiency foam structure measured in lab tests may exceed 4 W/m 2 Support Web : Non-woven Polyester, thickness < 100 μm
PRO MEMBRANE STRUCTURE HOLLOW FIBRE Hollow fibre membranes May in principle be based on skin inside or outside the fibre The fibre is self supporting and does not require support web By proper adjustment of the spinning parameters and the bore liquid composition it is possible to manufacture fibre supports with dense structures both inside and outside the fibre tfc coating outside the fibre will be a challenge in manufacturing Fibres with S values < 1 mm has been developed THIS IS A DUMMY Page 14 TITLE
THE STRUCTURE PARAMETER S τ ∆ Structure parameter Membrane thickness x = mem S φ Tortuosity Porosity S can be minimised by: Reducing the thickness of the membrane The membrane support (and backing) support and reinforcement gives an extra resistance to mass Increase the porosity, Φ transport and should be minimized Decrease the tortuosity, τ S is just a physical way to describe the structure of the support for the surface film. It can not be measured directly, but is derived from the PRO measurements. While conventional RO membranes may have S factors of 4 – 8 mm, PRO membranes should have S factors < 0.5 – 1 mm 15
CURRENT MODULE CONFIGURATION BASED ON FLAT SHEET Modified spiral wound Based on an old patent Foreman et. Al 1977 BW BW SW SW FW FW FW FW First generation element CA membrane on Hirose backing This design is not adequate,- due to areas with low flow velocity and poor flow distribution in the envelope Statkraft 16 presentation
MODULE CONFIGURATION BASED ON HOLLOW FIBRES BW BW BW BW FW FW FW FW Hollow fibre SW SW configuration FW FW FW FW BW BW The hollow fibres are self supporting, which eliminates the need for seawater and fresh water spacers Advantages: compact design, reduced fouling, improved flow pattern for seawater and fresh water Challenges: potting, separation of fibres, packing density, manufacturing costs?? One single element may contain > 1,000 m 2 membrane area
TESTI NG OF MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE ELEMENTS Membrane sample testing Membrane element testing p back pressure valve flow cell V4 crossflow cell V1 V2 membrane salt water water balance V3 balance water bath p high pressure pump low pressure pump t,p,c,m i , T THIS IS A DUMMY Page 18 TITLE
OPTIMAL MEMBRANE POWER PRODUCTION Flow through Power production membrane [l/m 2 hr] [W/m 2 ] W = ∆ P . J water W max for ∆ P = ½ ∆π W/m 2 = Flow (l/m 2 /h)* Pressure (bar)* 0.0278 Ex.: 9.0 (l/m 2 /h)* 11 (bar)* 0.0278 = 2.75 W/m 2
INTERNATIONAL FOCUS Osmosis Membrane Summit Amsterdam 2008 San Diego 2010 TBA 2012 Page 20
STATKRAFT STRATEGIC PATH Vision towards 2030 Feasibility Prototype 2MW Pilot 25MW Demo 2009: 2011-13: 2017: 2020: • Tofte • 25MW demo- • 25MW first • 2 MW pilot prototype plant plant commercial plant Statkraft operated • 2000 m 2 PRO • 5.000.000 m 2 • 200.000 – Other utility operated 400.000 m 2 membrane PRO • 5.000.000 m 2 PRO PRO membrane membrane membrane 21
LATEST NEWS On June 20th Statkraft and Nitto Denko/Hydranautics signed an agreement with the objectives of: Development and supply of membranes for osmotic power Nitto Denko/Hydranautics will develop membranes specifically designed for the use in large scale osmotic power plants The agreement will accelerate the development of the new renewable energy The development of more efficient membranes will contribute to making the technology competitive with other new, renewable energy sources and will bring osmotic power further towards future commercialization THIS IS A DUMMY Page 22 TITLE
CONCLUDING REMARKS Osmotic Power is a promising renewable ocean energy source The estimated energy costs for Osmotic Power is comparable with other renewable energy sources Existing RO membranes, modules and pre-treatment are not suitable for Osmotic Power Key focus areas are PRO membranes, PRO membrane modules and pre-treatment of fresh and sea water Prototype and pilot demonstration plants are accelerating the development Page 23
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