Presentation Outline Introduction Conceptual Framework - PDF document

Presentation Outline � Introduction � Conceptual Framework � Availability Potentials of Freshwater Resources � Freshwater Crises T. A. Ewemoje � Near Future Projections � Conclusions and Way Forward Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. INTRODUCTION Conceptual Framework � Based on the International Water Management � WATER ? Institute (IWMI) methodology � Most basic of all resources, although often taken for � Data retrieval granted Food and Agriculture Organization of the United � Suffer from irreversible degradation leading to Nations (FAO), scarcity Population Division of the Department of � National and Regional problem for many Sub Saharan Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations countries vis a vis: Secretariat, and Highly Variable Rainfalls IWMI Over Exploitation Population Explosion Water distribution Present Situation of during Public Water a drought in Distribution in Mandera, Kenya Ibadan, Nigria. UNESCO , 2006

Table 1: Water Resources Potentials of Selected Countries Water Resources, Km 3 /year Area, Annual Internal Renewable Water Resources (IRWS) is 221x10 9 m 3 per 10 3 Countries Local Runoff Imported Total year for Nigeria Km 2 Layer, mm Max Min Average Gabon 268 272 133 205 15.6 221 765 As a rough global indicator of water sufficiency if the annual Gambia 11 5.69 1.24 3.97 6.7 10.7 361 amount of water available per capita < 1000m 3 /capita/yr, water Niger 1267 5.4 0.28 2.33 32.1 34.4 18 scarcity occurs (UNECA, 2001) Nigeria 924 437 148 275 43.7 319 293 Senegal 196 31.1 6.31 21.4 14.9 36.3 109 Sudan 2505 65.3 9.74 34.6 132 167 53 In Nigeria, a value of 1982m 3 /capita/year was reached according Congo to African Water Development Report (AWDR, 2003), while FAO Dem. Rep 2345 1328 786 989 313 1300 133 (2005) value was 2252m 3 /capita/year, depicting a water Source: Shiklomanov (2002) sufficient nation Water Resources Potentials of Selected Countries (Table 1) Great disparities in water availability and use within and between African countries because the water resources are so unevenly distributed Only three Sub ‐ Saharan countries, Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola, have untapped water resources Other contributing factors are the inadequate assessment and underdevelopment of water resources, the lack of technical and institutional infrastructure as well as the lack of investment in water resource development Demand for water is increasing rapidly in most countries due to population growth and economic development Pollution of urban waters due to human activities is a cause of many public health problems Projected freshwater resources are shown in figure 1 Figure 1: Freshwater Resources in Africa Source: AWDR (2006). Projected municipal (urban) sector withdrawals will be greater than those for domestic sector in most developing countries, and this urban withdrawals are projected to double over the next 30 years (Molden et. al., 2001) In West Africa countries, demand is projected to double within the next 30 years (Figure 2) Figure 2: Water Use by Sector in West Africa Source: UNEP, 2008

This projected double in withdrawals and demand arises not just from population increase but also from increasing consumption patterns such as the growth of water hyacinth which is adversely affecting many water bodies in Nigeria. By 2010, the city of Lagos in Nigeria will be having more than 13 million This weed affects fishing, disrupts water ‐ borne international trade and the movement of people, and blocked water intakes thus endangering hydroelectric installations inhabitants (figure 3 below) With a population of about 130 million and a cultivable/habitable area of 330,000Km 2 which is about 35.7% of the total area of Nigeria, this increased population pressure puts a heavy strain on the available water resources of the country Increase in projected water withdrawal and consumption in West Africa of which Nigeria is inclusive did not match the percentage of water withdrawal and consumption in relation to renewable water resources Hence, this necessitates the putting in place in Nigeria appropriate water management programme through sustainable development of this vital resource Availability of freshwater in Sub Saharan African and in Nigeria is currently a resource, however projections into the nearest future of this vital natural resources indicated a Finally, Scarcity amidst plenty ? risk of water stress A true picture of the present situation in many developing countries Low values of internal renewable resources in 2025 also shows that there is room for improvement in conservation of rainwater Meeting basic human and ecosystem needs through proper government policies such that will recognize water as an economic good, which was one of the cornerstones of the Dublin and Rio statements (Lundqvist and Gleick, 2000) The government in Nigeria should foster participatory approach principle that water planning and decision ‐ making should involve affected parties and interests in a democratic manner which means that decisions are taken at the lowest appropriate level, with full public consultation and involvement of users References � UNESCO (2006) Water a shared responsibility; The United Nations World Water Development Report 2. Retrieved from http://upo.unesco.org/ Thanks for Listening � Molden, D., Amarasinghe, U. and Hussain, I. (2001) “Water for Rural Development: Background Paper on Water for Rural Development Prepared for the World Bank”. Working Paper 32. International Water Merci Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka � Lundqvist, J. and Gleick, P. (2000). Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World; Sustaining our Waters into the 21st Century. Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden. Retrieved 18 th Jan 2009 from www.earthscape.org/r1/luj01/luj01

2025 Water 160 Km 3 /year Withdrawal, 140 120 2025 Water Consumption, Km 3 /year 100 80 2025 Water Withdrawal in Relation to Water Resources 60 (%) 40 2025 Water Consumption in Relation to Water Resources 20 (%) 0 2025 Per Capital Water Central Eastern Southern Northern Western Availability 10 3 m 3 /year Figure 8: Water Use, Renewable Water Resources and Water Availability in Africa A case of the urban Ogunpa river channelization project in Ibadan Nigeria shows one of the many inappropriate urban water management practices in Nigeria as a result of refuse dumping and other forms of pollution thereby degrading the ecosystem