Raj Hulasare, Ph.D., P .Eng. Temp Air, Inc Burnsville, M N, USA - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Raj Hulasare, Ph.D., P .Eng. Temp Air, Inc Burnsville, M N, USA

Presentation Outline Presentation Outline Perspective – Then & Now Advantage Insect death Process – Pros & Cons KSU, Purdue, M innesota Research & Application Food Proc. Plants Our Company Conclusions Application images

Heat Treatment – Heat Treatment – Historical Look Historical Look • 1762, France: 69 o C / 156 o F for 3 d, moth • 1860, England: 57 o C / 135 o F for grain • 1910, USA: heat treatment of mills • 1920, USA: 30 mills use heat in OH, P A • 1932, France: M B as insecticide Used first 247 yrs ago!

History of Heat Treatments History of Heat Treatments • 1950’s: Quaker Oats using heat • 1983: EDB banned • 1990’s: increased interest in heat • 1992: M B found ozone unfriendly • 1994: Dursban in Cheerios • 2005: M B to be phased out • 2006: M B extension US, Canada ??? Source: P. Fields, AAFC, Canada

Drivers Drivers - Heat Heat Treatment (HT)? Treatment (HT)? HT Consumer Eco-Friendly Insect Preference Technology Resistance Higher dosage, Pesticide-free Montreal Protocol Life stages? US Clean Air Act Products Green IPM

Heat Advantages Heat Advantages • Safe: non-chemical, people-safe S • Effective: kills all life stages E • Eco-friendly: no ozone depletion, toxic E fumes, or corrosive effect Heat treat: Facilities, Bins & Silos

Heat Advantages Heat Advantages Safe SEE SEE Effective Eco-friendly • No evacuation of personnel • No Sealing (except doorways, loading docks etc.) • Spot Treatments – continued productivity within plant, offices, warehouse etc.

Heat & Insect Death Heat & Insect Death • High temperature – • Death by Dehydration (low RH)/ desiccation • Above 50 °C / 120 °F • Cell membranes “ melt” • Enzyme destruction • Change in salt balance • Protein coagulation

Temperature Effects on Insects Temperature Effects on Insects Targeted temp. spectrum 70 120 – 140°F (50-60°C) 60 140 50 Temperature (°C) 120 Temperature (°F) 40 100 30 80 20 60 10 40 0 20 -10 0 -20 -20 -30 Source: P. Fields, AAFC, Canada

Efficacy to Control Pests Efficacy to Control Pests • MBr – Methyl bromide • PH 3 - Phosphine • SF (Profume) • CO 2 – Carbon dioxide • O 3 - Ozone . . . . . Efficacy – function of temperature

Heat Treatment Heat Treatment Insects – lethal threshold temperatures High Temperature High Temperature [120 - 140 ° F/(50 - 60°C)] HT Process HT Process Ambient temperature Low Humidity (≤ 25%) Low Humidity (≤ 25%) (Desiccation/Dehydration)

Heat Vs MB - Downtime Comparison (hours) Heat Vs MB Downtime Comparison (hours) M ethyl Bromide Thermal Remediation • Sealing… … … .....0 • Set up… … … … ..0 • Set up… … .… ..4-6 • Heat up… … .… 6-8 • Fumigation… ....24 • Kill Period… .… 24 • Aeration… ...12-24 • Cool down… ....2-4 • TOTAL… … 40-54 • Tear down… … .1-2 Plant evacuation mandatory • TOTAL… .… 33-40 Untreated areas operational

Positive Pressurization Positive Pressurization – Forced ambient air Forced ambient air (Patented Process) (Patented Process) US & Canadian Patents • Positive pressure • Good air distribution • Hot air is pushed into corners, cracks and crevices • Calculated and controlled infiltration (4-6 air changes per hour) • Lower relative humidity

Re Re- -circulating Inside Air circulating Inside Air • Negative pressure • Poor air circulation • Uncontrolled infiltration • No air changes Low temperature zones (cold spots)

Construction Heat Principles: Construction Heat Principles: Make Make-Up vs. Recirculating Up vs. Recirculating • Recirculating heaters promote thermal stratification and infiltration • M ake-up air heaters provide uniform temperatures, pressurize the structure, and exhaust moisture and fumes

Steps in Heat Treatment Steps in Heat Treatment Setup, HT , Document & Review Equipment mobilization

Real-time Wireless Temperature M onitoring Untreated Area (Office) Heater Receiver Heater Treated Area Heater Temperature transmitters

Effective Heat Treatment Effective Heat Treatment HOT M anage airflow for M anage airflow for Pockets Pockets Uniform Temperature Profile Uniform Temperature Profile COLD M onitor Temperatures M onitor Temperatures throughout heated area throughout heated area Real-time adjustment Real-time Wireless Real time Wireless Documentation for QC Temperature M onitoring System Temperature M onitoring System Worker Safety & Savings

Start of the Heat Treatment Start of the Heat Treatment Tx: 27 Tx: 28 Tx: 29 Tx: 30 Tx: 33 Tx: 34 Tx: 35 Tx: 36 160 Tx: 37 Tx: 38 Tx: 39 Tx: 40 (60°C) Tx: 41 140 Tx: 42 Tx: 43 Tx: 44 Tx: 45 (49°C) Tx: 46 120 Tx: 47 Tx: 48 Tx: 49 Tx: 50 Temperature (°F) Tx: 51 (38°C) 100 Tx: 52 Tx: 53 Tx: 54 Tx: 55 Tx: 56 (27°C) 80 Tx: 57 Tx: 58 Tx: 59 Tx:49 sensor in office on 5th floor Tx: 62 Tx: 64 60 Tx: 65 Tx: 66 Tx: 67 Tx: 68 Tx: 69 40 Tx: 70 Tx: 75 Tx: 76 Tx: 77 Tx: 78 20 Tx: 79 Tx: 80 Tx: 81 Tx: 82 Tx: 47 0 Tx: 48 Tx: 49 9/16, 6:14 9/16, 8:38 9/16, 11:02 9/16, 13:26 9/16, 15:50 9/16, 18:14 9/16, 20:38 Tx: 50 Tx: 51 Tx: 52 Fig. 1: Real-time Temperature Profile Tx: 53 Tx: 54

End of the Heat Treatment End of the Heat Treatment Tx: 27 Tx: 28 Tx: 29 Tx: 30 Tx: 33 Tx: 34 160 Tx: 35 Tx: 36 Tx: 37 Tx: 38 Tx: 39 140 (60°C) Tx: 40 Tx: 41 Tx: 42 Tx: 43 Tx: 44 (49°C) Tx: 45 120 Tx: 46 Tx: 47 Tx: 48 Tx: 49 Temperature (°F) (38°C) Tx: 50 100 Tx: 51 Tx: 52 Tx: 53 Tx:49 sensor in office on 5th floor Tx: 54 Tx: 55 (27°C) 80 Tx: 56 Tx: 57 Tx: 58 Tx: 59 Tx: 62 60 Tx: 64 Tx: 65 Tx: 66 Tx: 67 Tx: 68 40 Tx: 69 Tx: 70 Tx: 75 Tx: 76 Tx: 77 Tx: 78 20 Tx: 79 Tx: 80 Tx: 81 Tx: 82 Tx: 47 0 Tx: 48 Tx: 49 9/16, 20:24 9/16, 22:48 9/17, 1:12 9/17, 3:36 9/17, 6:00 9/17, 8:24 9/17, 10:48 9/17, 13:12 Tx: 50 Tx: 51 Tx: 52 Fig. 2: Real-time Temperature Profile Tx: 53 Tx: 54

Heating in Mill Time (h) 0 0 1 3 4.5

Spread of Heat Treatment Spread of Heat Treatment • USA – California, Indiana, M innesota, Kansas, Dakotas, Arkansas, NJ , Florida, Wisconsin. . . … … .. • Canada – Ontario, M anitoba, Alberta, M aritime provinces

THERMAL REMEDIATION THERMAL REMEDIATION Industrial Applications Industrial Applications • Food Processing • Pork Industry • Rice Mills • Baby Food • Flour Mills • Wood Packaging • Pet Food • Finished Furniture • Corn Mills • Tobacco Companies • Cereal Processing • Custom Cabinetry • Bakeries • Hospitality / Hotels • Warehouses Organic processing plants/storages Entire structure or spot treatment

Heat Treatment of Bins & Silos Heat Treatment of Bins & Silos Proactive – Preventative Preventative & Reactive - Response Response

Bins & Silos Bins & Silos • Pre-loading or Pre-harvest HT – On-farm bins – Elevators storages – Processing facilities – Organic processing plants • Bin/Silo types – Concrete – Metal • GI bins • Tanks

Empty Bin Sanitation Empty Bin Sanitation • Accumulation of BGFM under bin floors – Insect harborage – Mold spore accumulation • Difficult to clean bin floors • Available tools difficult to use or unavailable – Insecticide sprays have to drip through floor perforations – Blowing DE through fan does not guarantee uniform application – Chloropicrin no longer available – Phosphine requires applicator license

PERC Project PERC Project – Purdue University Purdue University Heat Treatment of Bins & Silos Heat Treatment of Bins & Silos TEMP TEMP-AIR MHT AIR MHT-1500: 1500: • Self contained mobile unit • 7.5 Hp blower motor • 30 KW, 230 V, 3 phase generator • 150 gal. capacity LPG tank • 1.5 million BTU/ hr heater output Portable Self Contained Unit Portable Self Contained Unit Mobility with Simplicity! Mobility with Simplicity!

HT of bins and silos HT of bins and silos Heater Heater Flat bottom Hopper bottom

Advantages of HT of Bins/Silos Advantages of HT of Bins/Silos • S E E • Shorter treatment times (4 to 12 hours) • Bins/Silos in facilities – Treated in rotation without shut-down • On farm or warehouses – no extensive sealing or evacuation • No retrofitting – existing transition, bin-entry

• Yes, you can – effectively! • Benefits: • Effective kill of all life stages • Lower fuel consumption • Less downtime  Increased production

• Facility C – all adults/larvae of RFB dead at 50°C/122°F within 12 hours – Dr. Subi • Facility X: 10- 12 hrs at 50 to 55°C/(122 - 131°F)  Adults: Drug store beetle, Tobacco beetle, RGB, RFB, CFB  Larvae: Drug store beetle, yellow meal worm (Source: Dr. Paul Fields, AAFC, Canada) • Predictive model: Thermal Death Kinetic model (Dr Subi) • Smaller areas – bakeries, silo rooms ( 8 to 10 hours) • Treatment time = f (structural elements, size, rate of temperature rise and  T)