Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. Jim West International Study Tour– Black Mountain – September 2013 CSIRO ECOSYSTEM SCIENCES
Disclaimer and request Out of material and energy flows accounting, and emissions accounting, the focus here will be on materials flows because: • Energy flows largely are already effectively accounted for in the IEA or EIA databases (or can be trivially derived from them). • Emissions data has come directly from that available directly from the World Bank’s WDI database from the World Bank’s WDI database In contrast, the work we’ve done on material flows has been quite major, and having individual countries become involved would improve it still further. PLEASE FEEL FREE TO ASK QUESTIONS AS WE GO 2 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
What is Economy Wide – Material Flows Accounting (EW- MFA) ? EW-MFA deal with material inputs and outputs from a national economy, using physical rather than monetary terms. Covers domestic extraction of materials from the natural environment (excluding water and air), and international trade of materials. Only flows crossing the system boundary between the environment and the economy are counted. “Hidden” flows are not counted. and the economy are counted. “Hidden” flows are not counted. The key final metric is Domestic Material Consumption (DMC), arrived at via Domestic Extraction (DE) , and Physical Trade Balance (PTB). PTB = Imports – Exports DMC = DE + PTB 3 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
How do we compile EW-MFA accounts? Refer to the Eurostat EW-MFA Compilation Guide (2012) for how these statistics should be compiled at national level. This is the “Standard”, (that said, some departures may be said, some departures may be forced, or warranted for other reasons) 4 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
What use is EW-MFA ? The “Guide” says that it is “to describe the interaction of the domestic economy with the natural environment and the rest of the world economy (ROW) in terms of flows of materials. Determine how much “stuff” needs to be extracted from the environment to support a certain material standard of living. Determine how much waste needs to be sunk back into the Determine how much waste needs to be sunk back into the environment (even infrastructure eventually ends up as waste). ** Provide basic information necessary to determine Resource Efficiency** Improved RE = Lower Environmental Impacts ( ceteris paribus ) 5 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
Examples 1: National level DMC trajectories in the Asia-Pacific region 6 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
Individual trajectories in Latin America do not fit the classic pattern of socio-metabolic transitions well 7 | Contrasting socio-metabolic transitions for two world regions - ISIE Ulsan 2013 | Jim West, Heinz Schandl
Examples 2: World regional level trajectories for DMC, material intensity, and GDP/capita 8 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
How suited to purpose is DMC? Depends on commodity. For allocating responsibility for resources “use” and resource efficiency: Minerals : Poor - Reasonable. Less biased against resource producers / exporters than TMI (which includes hidden flows), or DE alone, but material footprint far superior . Fossil Fuels : Good (though misses embodied energy) For determining where environmental loads accrue efficiency: Good. Captures where much of the material and energy intensive processing takes place. Better than MF, but less comprehensive than TMI. 9 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
DMC Vs. Material Footprint. From: Wiedmann, Schandl, Lenzen, Moran, Suh, West, and Kanemoto. (2013). “The material footprint of nations”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 10 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
Using international data sets for EW-MFA “The Guide” is aimed at best practice for compilation of EW-MFA accounts by individual countries, preferably by national statistical agencies. CSIRO EW-MFA databases needed to cover many countries, had to rely on comprehensive international databases. Inevitable that some quality lost due to use of generalized international coefficients rather than nation specific ones. coefficients rather than nation specific ones. However (we believe) that some our modelling used is superior to the default options suggested in the guide (notably for biomass and metal ores). Also much less biased towards industrialized nations. Note: beware some misleading wording in “The Guide” e.g. mis- statement of ore grades. 11 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
Key material categories. Ultimately, four materials categories were defined, with further detail within these in 11 sub-categories. Similar to “The Guide” top level divisions, but not identical Category Sub-category Biomass Crops Crop residues Grazed biomass Wood Fossil fuels Coal Petroleum Natural gas Metal ores and industrial minerals Ferrous ores Non-ferrous ores Industrial minerals Construction minerals Construction minerals 12 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
Compilation level often more detailed . Initial compilation of DE done into 35 categories, conform to The Guide’s categories at 2 to 4 digit level. Country EWMFACat EWMFAName 1970 1971 1972 Australia A.1.1.1 Cereals 12904533 14840092 10781927 Australia A.1.1.10 Other crops 20979 20536 17861 Australia A.1.1.2 Roots and tubers 763149 775769 824603 Australia A.1.1.3 Sugar crops 17644800 19390500 18928300 .. .. .. .. .. .. Australia Australia A.1.2.1 A.1.2.1 Crop residues (used) Crop residues (used) 22236442 24991770 22236442 24991770 21413062 21413062 Australia A.1.2.2.2 Grazed biomass 57746580 61653104 70415892 Australia A.1.3.1 Timber (Industrial roundwood 5989240 6295400 6044480 Australia A.1.3.2 Wood fuel and other extraction 1796720 1798338 1799840 Australia A.2.1 Iron Ores 51186080 62096904 64398144 Australia A.2.2.1 Copper ores - gross ore 16037299 18289790 19558434 Australia A.2.2.2 Nickel ores - gross ore 538510.5 848992.9 1138581 .. .. .. .. .. .. Australia A.3.1.4 Chemical and fertilizer minerals 174269.8 241905.1 264879.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. Australia A.4.2.2 Natural gas 1029096 1532984 2208486 13 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
Main raw data sources for DE estimation . Colour indicates degree of confidence in estimates (green high, red low) Sub-category Main Raw Data source Post Processing Crops FAO Crop Production Statistics Minimal Crop residues FAO Crop Production Statistics Moderate modelling Grazed biomass FAO Food balance sheets Extensive modelling, large assumptions Wood FAO Forestry Minor modelling Coal IEA (and EIA) Minimal Petroleum IEA (and EIA) Minimal Natural gas IEA (and EIA) Minimal (Energy to weight conversion) Ferrous ores USGS, UN Industrial Commodities Minimal, moderate assumptions Non-ferrous ores USGS, UN Industrial Commodities Simple modelling, large assumptions Industrial minerals USGS, UN Industrial Commodities Simple modelling, large assumptions Construction minerals USGS, UN Industrial Commodities Moderate modelling, large assumptions 14 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
Main raw data sources for Trade estimation. Colour indicates degree of confidence in estimates (green high, red low) Sub-category Main Raw Data source Post Processing Crops FAO Trade Statistics Minimal Crop residues FAO Trade Statistics , UN Comtrade Minimal Grazed biomass FAO Trade Statistics , UN Comtrade Minimal Wood Wood FAO Forestry FAO Forestry Minimal Minimal Coal IEA (and EIA) Minimal Petroleum IEA (and EIA) Minimal Natural gas IEA (and EIA) Minimal (Energy to weight conversion) Ferrous ores UN Comtrade Minimal Non-ferrous ores UN Comtrade Minimal Industrial minerals UN Comtrade Minimal Construction minerals UN Comtrade Minimal 15 | Preparation of Economy Wide - Material Flows Accounts using International Data. – Black Mountain – September 2013 | Jim West
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