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-< - o (3O x-(-) := trl et >< F{ ct') (t) trJ C.) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 22, 2022 •199 likes •502 views

i +l '' I t r'i I I PROPOSED EXXON RESEARCH PROGRAlvl TO : I t HELP ASSESS TtlE GREENHOUSE EFFECT. I I I I I i EDl,lARD A, 6ARVEY I I I HENRY SHAtll t) I,IALLACE S, BROECKER TARO TAKAHASHI l I PRESENTED TO: DR. LESTER I{ACHTA

  1. i +l '' I t r'i I I PROPOSED EXXON RESEARCH PROGRAlvl TO : I t HELP ASSESS TtlE GREENHOUSE EFFECT. I I I I I i EDl,lARD A, 6ARVEY I I I HENRY SHAtll t) I,IALLACE S, BROECKER TARO TAKAHASHI l I PRESENTED TO: DR. LESTER I{ACHTA AIR RESOURCES LABORATORY IC AND AT}1 OSPHERIC ADIVI I NATIONAL OCEAN NI STRAT ION tJ IvlARCH 26, 1g7g

  2. PRO6RAI'I 6OAL ,d USE EXXON EXPERTISE AND FACILITIES TO llELP OF A GLOBAL GREEN- DETERIVIINE THE LIKELIIlOOD llOUSE EFFECT v

  3. RATIOl'lALE FOR EXXON INVOLVE14ENT I DEVELOP EXPERTISE TO ASSESS TtlE POSSIBLE IIVI PACT OF TllE GREENHOUSE EFFECT ON EXXON BUSINESS \./ O FORPI RESPONSIBLE TEAI'1 THAT CAN CREDIBLY CARRY BAD NEl^lS, IF ANY, TO THE CORPORATION I PROVIDE THE GOVERNl'lENT l^lITH HIGrl OUALITY INFORIViATION TO REDUCE TllE BUSINESS RISK OF INADECIUATE GOVERNtvlENT POLICY \l O GENERATE IrlPORTANT SCIENTIFIC INFORtvlATION THAT l,{ILL ENHANCE THE EXXON IlvlACE AND PROVIDE PUBLIC RELATIONS VALUE

  4. c/) r=- F u-t c9 => =7 c)< a- -t e, Ll-J E O- l.r.l c/) F n &,F e, z, al.Lt = (9 o LrJ - LrJ l-Ll o (J ct) AO.-H e, c/, (J (t) - o- Lrl O =f, o r-... u-=LL F F J- tr^l LI. (J E, -< - o (3O x-(-) := trl et >< F{ ct') (t) trJ C.) I.J.J G, d. o- c\ u-l lJJ e. lrl =oLt- o (J <r) OCJU) (v, GF z, t-- r.-. F a- Lr- rJ- < f- lJl &. -> tv, O F lrl tv, o EE o ll-J J O tl-t o- lJ- F lrl a o- &. F< trj J l'l.IF eECJ) ==) ::) < tlJ.l ct) =<e F< r-t- o E 7 lrl E= o UI ct) (\ O= lrl l- (J cJ) e -tllo :=< OZ,CJ GI l.r.I O (J F(J O- lrj < F(J F=> -,< Lr- - e, (J c € u.lu LI- (D F uJo ry HF(J IJH - r".{ lrl Elr|O l- a F< lJ-J< FAr c,/', lrl F&, (J lrl .i, - tra := (J (J O(J OOH (.)F< CJO O(J o (o (a - \ \

  5. NI'1ON) ION SI 9NIUV31] 1S3u0J l^l 0uJ N0lIl.lBIuIN0J Zol ltuiHds0t^t tv u0J 0ttNn0Jtv 3B 10NNV3 SltnJ llss0J ld0uJ zol lHl J0 "Igr-0r ,rtSivldtx0uddv NOI TU7IlIlN ]3NJ F lISSOJ OI OsJNBIUI]V N33B SVH ]SV]U]NI SIHl NOIINIO/1]U lVIUlSNONI ]H1 3]NIS UV],{ U3d 'Ah 1V gNISV]U3NI N]]B SVH 3USHdSOhI 1V ]HJ 01 zol J0 N0tlt00v ltN390d0uHrNv tvnNNV lHr N0tlnt0/\lu IVIUlSn0NI lHi tlNIs 'tsr 0lsvtuJNI svH zol rtulHds0t^J1v slNlN0dl,t03 ttulHds0htlv u3Hl0 0Nv zot J0 S1]431 gNISV3U]NI ]HI ,\S HlUV] 3H1 hJ OUJ NOIlVIOVU r OSUVUJNI JO NOIIdUOSgVIU 3H1 /\B OsSNV] ]]NVIVS 1Vl/IU]lJ1 S,H1UV1 ]H1 NI 1]SdN NV NOITINIJ3[

  6. The Carbon Cycl e 1 978 Fluxes in Gt/a Pool sizes in Gt / Photosynthes i s 56 Decompos i ti on Gas Exchange 90 25 90 Fuel Combus t i on Res pi ratlon 5 31 Surface l^later 0issolved Carbon t Dead 580 0rganic 12,000 L{vi ng Thermocl lne (Humus ) (7,300 recoverabl e) 0rganl c 0issolved Carbon I 000-3000 Aquat i c 6 ,600 800 Deep lrlater Reacti ve Dissolved Carbon Sediments ,I 3l ,900 I I 400 { ri' Fossil Fuels and Shale Terrestrial Biosphere li I 0ceans ,l 4 :i ;

  7. Ou) cJ) ct') O{x ct) c/) xo-J lrJ trl =7 lrl UJ Ll.t ><<H Lt.l (J co tJJ c\ (_) O u.- o (J r< d. Lr- &, o lJ- lrl lJt trq OF F U.t z, ry, tl.l - uJ= (9 Clt r-{ cJ) LLJ lrl q9< ct) E uJ :E > <t) c\ o(J=o- tl.l F 7 lrt L9 C) H E l.l'J c/) Lr.f .-t-. l-' (Je,llto (_) (-> lJJ - x (J IJ. xo lrl Lt_ -t -F (J lrl O lrl t.LJo-Ltj< (J a &, q9 CJ) CD A 4. o=, e,o z.oz,a &, -, EO l-t.J r-. LLI cJ) trJ (J< l.rj E </) C/) tJ-l &, trl c9 z, rv, XlXtr.t lr! e, &.- UJ Z, Lrl Lr-J (J d, &, Et FCL r.l.J oe, O FE, C\ U.I C\ =E F< (3(-)OO_ LLI l-a - - (J Ct) (J (J O (J =o ct) := I lr I J e. lrl e, F{ lll bJ lrl d, e. e, trt F trj = -J- lrj o- c/) - lz. J lrl C4 j7 O- O E, ct) tra lrj o E,O a- Ld F(J .2, x &, (J F< U-l o- FtrA c) i--. Lt.l 'l \

  8. PROPOSED PROGRAlvlS FUt'lDING .P.ROGRAlvlS OCEAf'l SAtvlPL I NG PROGRAIVI st TANKER SAt'lPLINC SYSTEtvl D O E / EX X O N DRILLINC SHIP STATION EXXON LAND BIOTA SAfvlPLING PROGRAlvl C-T3 AND C-1'I SAlvlPLING EXXON J l. I I I ; I di I I .l I I I

  9. OBJECTIVES SAIlPLING OCEAN OF COZ FLUX BET}lEEN DETER14 INE AND OCEAN AIR 0 (TRANSFER COEFFICI FLUX = X (DRIVINC FORCE) ENT) DRIVIN € FORCE DETERlvlINED ,-l FROII TANKERS AS A FUNCTI0N 0F c0r COc ' TEIqPERATURE, , tsw LOCATIOI{, ETC.-ATM TRANSFER COEFFICIENT DETERIVIIl'lED ILLING FROf'l DR SHIPS BY TRACER STUDY AS A FUNCT ION OF l^lEATlJER, SEA-STATE, ETC I cR0sscllEcK RATE 0F C0z EXCHANGE ACR0SS TllE AIR- t ,.1 SEA INTERFACE USIN6 C-14 RELEASED DURING ATOIi IC BO14B TESTS AS TRACER I I i i l I t I I

  10. TANKER PROGRAivl TANKERS !\lILL SAl/lPLE CONTINUOUSLY c ATlvl 0SPtl ERIC C0Z T0 t 0,5 pprlv 0 CEAN C0Z T0 t 0,5 ppMV U, t 0,1"c SEA AND AIR TEI\lPERATURE TO RELATIVE HUIVI IDITY BAROllETRIC PRESSURE SALINITY SEAl^lATER pH TANKER l,lILL ALSO SAII PLE SURFACE SEAl^lATER FOR 0 C-1II ON A PERIODIC BASIS ",r' DEPTH THERIVIOf'4ETERS t.lILL BE USED PERIODICALLY c TO DETERf'IINE THE TElvlPERATURE PROFILE OF THE OCEAN ALONG THE TANKER ROUTE I I I i

  11. (CONTINUED) TANKER PROGRA14 TANKER l^lILL BE ABLE TO REPEAT lvlEASUREIVIENTS ALONG 3 A PARTICULAR ROUTE ANYl^lHERE FROf\l 1O TO qO TI14ES PER YEAR DEPENDINC ,/ ON ROUTE LENGTrl AND PETROLEUlv! DEIl AND LL BE EXPANDED FROlvl TANKER PROGRA[I l^l c ONE ROUTE DURING THE FIRST YEAR TO FIVE BY THE THIRD YEAR N TllIS PROGRAII SOI'1E TANKER ROUTES PROPOSED I c t. f. i CROSS AREAS hIII ERE r LITTLE OCEANOGRAPHIC RELATIVELY l^lORK HAS BEEN DONE ,t tr' 0 TllE DATA COLLECTED !^I ILL BE USED TO DETERlnlI I NE PC02 I i L LEVELS ON A REGIONAL AND SEASONAL BASIS IN ) t BOTH t THE ATlvlOSP11ERE AND THE OCEANS t I I

  12. DEEP WATER I,IELLINGS ANO TANKER ROUTES A oooo W /"ta: $bo a 0O o.s .= o o '- a. .qr Equa tor -t - fr'-'=. I . '.s, / I ! ! I t I i I 'oonn otut, I $\ Cfloo*" Tanker Sampling I i ', Tracks

  13. 'I 0 - atm. pcoz IN THE SURFACE WATER OF THE ATLAI''ITIC 0CEAN JULY 1972 - MARCH '1973 1) 5: !) l, It @t 12 .?a #,li* 9l lJ AlI Exxon Atlantic tanker routes. ( (

  14. pCOe l0-b atm. I}I THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE PACiFiC OCEAN AUGUST 1973 . JUNE ]974 <3 Xtr Pacific tanker rou tes . Exxon routes *-(: 0ther tanker routes (

  15. I 'l I I .. I I I DRILLING SHIP i PROGRAI'I ! i i I I ll I it I :i I I EXXON CONTRACTED DRILLING SHIPS ARE PRESENTLY 0 EXPLORING lvlANY DEEP l4lATER AREAS AROUND THE I^IORLD i g, i I DRILL IN OCEAN DEPTHS l-lELL OVER I I I lOOO FEET, SOlnlETIIVlES AS I'IUCH AS lr 5OOO FEET I i RElvlAIN IN ONE LOCATION FOR ThlO l. t I I I TO THREE 14ONTHS ! t I l t' I I i; AT THESE DEPTHS, THE OCEAN IS USUALLY WELL t 0 i STRATIFIED, AND IS SUITABLE FOR TRACER GAS t J I I I I STUDY

  16. DRILLINC SllIP PROGRAfVI (COl'lTII.|UED) O t{EASURElvlENT OF SURFACE l^lATER RADON-222 PROFILES AND l,lEATHER DATA CAN BE USED TO DETERII INE THE RATE OF GAS EXCI.IANGE AS A FUNCTION OF l^lIND SPEED *J AND SEA STATE O DEEP l,{ATER SAI'lPLINC CAN ALSO BE PERFOR14ED TO ENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDINC OF DEEP OCEAN IXCHANGE 0F c0z, RAD0N-222, AND 0THER cHEtl IcAL TRAcERs uf

  17. Cl) O a - Je, GT lrJ c.n -O o C-) lrl c./.) lrl lr I trl t.Lt ct) < O (J <./, cr) J- o- z, A lrJ Itl r-l I -l Et ll-I I = ll- -t c) ctJ O J d, F r-{ tra o- e, o = =c\ o lrl FU) CJ F e. c, ao FV,(L J GIF r-. lrl = lJ_ oF(JO< d, F IJFO o :D F< C-1 (9OEo_ul Lr- (-9 F{ O : tv, lrl tre e, z. - H l.t.l (J =- =e,O-F{UJ Olrl</)-F> trl 7 J:4o< e, LL --I< F< LD -I=?=U-l< o O< C/' LI.F< =7 d. LD ?V. O o- lrJ l! ts< CD El d. Ct) lrJ FF lrj - =) e, :D =7 C} F ) )

  18. (COllTINUED) YIELDS INFORIVlATION ATII OS P HE R I C C I RCU LAT I ON + Tl.lE VARIATIONS l,lILL HELP DETERfVI INE CLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND bp' I COULD BE A USEFUL CONTRIBUTION TO I I l q THE TRANSIENT TRACES PROGRAlvl NOl^l { I ( I BEGINNING UNDER DOE FUNDINC t I t 0CEAN I C PC0Z f + ltlILL BE USED TO ESTABLISH GLOBAL t F.l I I i SEAl^lATER CIRCULATION PATTERNS t t + BY CROSSIlrlG UPl.lARD AND DOl,{Nl^lARD I li t ADVECTION ZONES THE SEASONAL AND sl I v YEARLY EXCHANCE OF SURFACE AND I DEEP hlATER l,lILL BE 14ONITORED 0CEANIC AND ATPl0SPHERIc eC02 + 1,{ILL BE USED TO ESTABLISH THE CONCENTRAT-ION GRADIENT ACROSS THE INTERFACE

  19. INFORI'IATION (CONTINUED) YIELDS + THE CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS ACCORDING TO SEASON AND REGION hlILL BE USED TO CENERATE I,I ORE ACCURATE C0z EXCHANGE IvI0DELS \dr' OCEAN TEIVIPERATURE PROFI LFS + }lILL BE USED TO DETERlvlINE TtlE THICKNESS OF THE SURFACE l.lATER LAYER AND ITS VARIATION ACCORDING TO SEASON AND REGION + TII IS l,lILL PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORII ATION ON OCEAN CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND l,lIND EFFECTS ON vi I OCEAN II IXING i I I I SALINITY I + t.lILL BE UsED TO DEFINE OcEAN I I l^lATER IVIASSES I i + IT IS ALsO USED TO cORREcT THE RAl^l rC02 lvltASUREtt'lENTS

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