10/05/2014 POSITIVE EDUCATION for Sustainable Well ‐ Being DR. ILONA BONIWELL 9 May 2014 BACKGROUND & RATIONALE 16 September 2013 1
10/05/2014 INTRODUCING MYSELF ‹#› > 18/06/2013 INTRODUCING MYSELF (AGAIN) > 18/06/2013 ‹#› 2
10/05/2014 POSITIVE EDUCATION SUMMIT @ NO 10 (OCT 2013) ‹#› > 18/06/2013 MARTIN SELIGMAN In two words or less, what do you most want for your children? And what do the schools teach? > 18/06/2013 ‹#› 3
10/05/2014 WHAT DO THE SCHOOLS TEACH? • Achievement • Thinking skills • Conformity • Literacy • Maths • Discipline • Success ‹#› > 18/06/2013 WHAT DO WE NEED TO TEACH? What is the best way to prepare for our kids life? What challenges are they likely to encounter? What skills would they need? How can we teach those skills? > 18/06/2013 ‹#› 4
10/05/2014 THE PREVENTION ARGUMENT (Seligman, Gillham, etc) Singapore Major depressive disorder is the most prominent illness in Singapore. Clinical depression rates at 5.8%. Up to 17% of primary school children are depressed; 22% thought of suicide. THE FACTS UK, US and Australia Earlier onset • Academic and interpersonal At any point in time 2% of • children aged 11–15 and 11% of difficulties youth aged 16–24 suffer a major Smoking, drugs, alcohol and • depressive disorder (UK, US and suicide risks Australia) ‹#› > 18/06/2013 THE PROMOTION ARGUMENT (Lyubomirsky, Diener, etc) • Creativity enhancement • Task persistence, multi ‐ tasking, being systematic • Achievement and academic success • Optimism • Attending to relevant negative information • Longevity • Less vulnerability to illness • Sociability, trust, helpfulness • Less hostility and self ‐ centeredness > 18/06/2013 ‹#› 5
10/05/2014 THE JOINT ARGUMENT (Layard et al, 2013) ‹#› > 18/06/2013 INTRODUCING POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY & POSITIVE EDUCATION 18 JUIN 2013 6
10/05/2014 WHAT IS POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY? The science of optimal human functioning, well ‐ being and human strengths. Rather than ‘fixing what is wrong’, positive psychology ‘builds what is strong’. 13 > 18/06/2013 THE TWO PILLARS OF POSITIVE EDUCATION Promotion Prevention RESILIENCE WELL ‐ BEING > 18/06/2013 14 7
10/05/2014 CAN RESILIENCE BE TAUGHT? WHAT IS RESILIENCE? Think of times in your life when you have been resilient and try to come up with three different words that define resilience for you. > 18/06/2013 16 8
10/05/2014 ONE POSSIBLE DEFINTION ‘Resilience is an ability to be in control of a way we respond to situations and/or to bounce back from challenges and adversities’. 17 > 18/06/2013 SPARK PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION Building on the “shoulders of Boniwell & Ryan (2009) • giants” Commissioned by a British Local • Authority Theoretical base – CBT, Positive • Psychology and PTG Initial sample – four large • secondary schools in South East London Targeting all year 7 students • Pilot study sample ‐ 197 pupils in • one of the participating schools Control group Y7 surveyed one Pluess, Boniwell, Hefferon & Tunariu • year before post ‐ assessment of (in press) the intervention group > 18/06/2013 18 9
10/05/2014 INTERVENTION DESIGN 19 > 18/06/2013 10
10/05/2014 PARROTS OF PERCEPTION Parrots of perception Parrot under the spotlight Parrot on trial – alternatives and evidence My personal aviary 21 > 18/06/2013 THE BLAMER They always do it to me! He/she is so stupid! The Blamer spends its time blaming other people for the situation. It looks rather bullish and puffed up. It often feels angry. They need to think about what they do more carefully It’s all their fault! > 18/06/2013 22 11
10/05/2014 THE WORRIER The Worrier, not surprisingly, worries about everything! This blue parrot is concerned with It’s all the future and how a going to present situation might It’s going to go wrong affect play out negatively. At its everything worst, The Worrier can catastrophise things and experience feelings of anxiety, fear and nervousness. It’s going to be dreadful, awful, terrible 23 > 18/06/2013 HERE’S THE AVIARY... > 18/06/2013 24 12
10/05/2014 BUILDING THE POSITIVE: THE 4 RESILIENCE MUSCLES 25 > 18/06/2013 RESULTS – SELF ‐ EFFICACY > 18/06/2013 26 13
10/05/2014 RESULTS – SELF ‐ ESTEEM 27 > 18/06/2013 RESULTS – LIFE SATISFACTION > 18/06/2013 28 14
10/05/2014 RESULTS ‐ RESILIENCE 130 128 126 124 Resilience Scale (RS) 122 120 118 116 114 112 110 Pre Intervention Post Intervention Follow-up 6M Follow-up 12M Controls 12M 29 > 18/06/2013 RESULTS ‐ DEPRESSION 20 19 18 Depression Scores (CESD) 17 16 15 14 13 Pre Intervention Post Intervention Follow-up 6M Follow-up 12M Controls 12M > 18/06/2013 30 15
10/05/2014 THE CHALLENGE… APPLYING RESILIENCE TO YOUNG OFFENDERS: the challenge • Police ‐ led demand • Older population • No formal qualifications • Street ‐ wise • Disillusioned • Gang culture Boniwell & Tunariu (2011) > 18/06/2013 32 16
10/05/2014 SPARK CHANGED INTO BFU... …the way of the BFu BRAIN 33 > 18/06/2013 AND PARROTS INTO HOODS... > 18/06/2013 34 17
10/05/2014 EMOTIONAL RESILIENCE FOR GANGS: FACE UP 35 > 18/06/2013 WHAT ABOUT HAPPINESS? 18 JUIN 2013 18
10/05/2014 HAPPINESS SKILLS: WHAT SHOULD WE TEACH AND HOW? 37 > 18/06/2013 WHAT HAPPINESS IS NOT > 18/06/2013 38 19
10/05/2014 WHAT DO WE TEACH WHEN WE TEACH HAPPINESS? Positive Self Positive Body Positive Positive Positive Positive Emotions Mindset Direction Relationships Happy Talk! Image Matters Understanding Fixed or Egg Yourself On Tonic or Toxic Emotions Flexible? Me, Inc. Supersize Me! The Negativity Hope Nail, Nag, Forgiveness Bias Nudge My Strengths Nutrition Quiz Boost your Creative Flow and Listening and Portfolio Positive Problem Solving Engagement Empathy Emotions Confident You Mindfulness for Just for Fun Money, Money, Big Hairy Goals Sweet Trading Life Money! My Best Go to bed, Surprising, The Tyranny of Five Little Pigs Kindness and Possible Self Sleepyhead! Spontaneous Choice Gratitude Savouring! Strengths The Power of Mental Time Thinking Your The Balancing Happiness Songbook Exercise Travelling Way to Act across Cultures Happiness 39 > 18/06/2013 WHAT IS HAPPINESS, ANYWAY? GENERATING What does it feel like to be happy? What are you doing when you feel happy? ANALYSING Read through the quotes Summarise the quotes in one or two words on the post ‐ its > 18/06/2013 40 20
10/05/2014 HOW DOES IT WORK? 41 > 18/06/2013 TWO PERSPECTIVES ON HAPPINESS HEDONIC EUDAIMONIC FEELING GOOD DOING WELL > 18/06/2013 42 21
10/05/2014 HAPPINESS IS RELATED TO? Optimism ‐ + Self esteem ‐ + Neuroticism ‐ + Living in a warm climate ‐ + Old age ‐ + Youth ‐ + Money ‐ + Gender ‐ + Close friendships ‐ + Marriage ‐ + Work ‐ + Children ‐ + Sleep ‐ + Religion ‐ + Meaning and Purpose ‐ + Being healthy ‐ + Education ‐ + Physical attractiveness ‐ + 43 > 18/06/2013 EXAMPLE OF AN EXCERCISE Set aside 5 minutes each night for the next couple of weeks and write down three things that went well. They can be as specific (‘beautiful sunrise’) or generic (‘alive and healthy’) as you want. > 18/06/2013 44 22
10/05/2014 ACTIVATE STRENGTHS 45 > 18/06/2013 Communication Adaptability Adventure Beauty Competition Hard work Creativity Detail Empathy Forgiveness Kindness Leadership Harmony Humility Humour Resilience Resilience Optimism Love Open ‐ mindedness Learning Social intelligence Strategy Teamwork Wisdom Self ‐ control > 18/06/2013 46 23
10/05/2014 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 16 September 2013 THE WELLINGTON COLLEGE & GEELONG GRAMMAR > 18/06/2013 48 24
10/05/2014 POSITIVE EDUCATION SUMMIT @ NO 10 (OCT 2013) 49 > 18/06/2013 UNPRECEDENTED FINDINGS FROM BHUTAN (ADLER) 18 secondary schools (~8,000 students) in three representative regions of Bhutan Randomly assigned to: GNH Curriculum condition (11 schools) Control condition (7 schools) Statistically significant increases in: Psychological well ‐ being Self ‐ report physical health Academic achievement (standardized test scores) > 18/06/2013 50 25
10/05/2014 SPARK RESILIENCE IN JAPAN 51 > 18/06/2013 FRANCE – THE UNCHARTERED TERRITORY • Pessimistic The most pessimistic countries in Europe • Average happiness Poor ranking, 28 th in 2012, according to a Gallup survey • “The Byronian curse” – as named by Russell “There's not a joy the world can give like that it takes away, When the glow of early thought declines in feeling's dull decay” Lord Byron 1788 ‐ 1824 > 18/06/2013 52 26
10/05/2014 LIFE SATISFACTION IN FRENCH SCHOOLS 53 > 18/06/2013 FEARS ‐ Brain programming? ‐ Opening Pandora’s box ‐ Am I qualified? ‐ Excessive individualism and narcissism ‐ Overstepping the role of the school > 18/06/2013 54 27
10/05/2014 ...TO BOLDLY GO WHERE NO ONE'S GONE BEFORE? 55 > 18/06/2013 SUSTAINABLE HAPPINESS 18 JUIN 2013 28
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