PLANING CRITERIA TO LOCATE SWITCHES IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Juan M. Gers, PhD Cuernavaca, Mexico September 19 th , 2018
Content Introduction to Smart Grids and SGMM Optimal Topology Switch Location Feeder Reconfiguration Conclusions
Electrical Components of Smart Grids Smart Meters The smart grid concept penetrates throughout the entire organization: Smart Generation Smart Feeders Smart meters Smart feeders (Distribution Automation) Smart substations Smart Smart transmission Grid Smart centralized generation (and distributed generation) Smart Transmission Smart Substation
A major power grid transformation is underway How can utilities • Develop effective roadmaps? • Track progress? • Understand their posture in comparison to peers? The Smart Grid Maturity Model was developed by utilities to address these concerns 4
SGMM at a glance 6 Maturity Levels: Defined sets of characteristics and outcomes 5 4 3 175 Characteristics: Features you would expect to see at each stage of the smart grid journey 2 1 0 SMR OS GO WAM TECH CUST VCI SE Strategy, Organization & Grid Operations Work & Asset Technology Customer Value Chain Societal & Management, & Structure Management Integration Environmental Regulatory 8 Domains: Logical groupings of smart grid related characteristics 5
Compass results: maturity profile example results 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 SGMM maturity profile includes a maturity score for each domain 0 6
Navigation results: consensus aspirations example results This is where we aspire to be in X years 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 This is where we are today 1 NOTE: There is no “correct” target profile implied 0 in the model; the optimal profile will vary by utility. 7
SGMM Partners Partners were licensed to provide official SEI services, delivered by SEI-Certified SGMM Navigators, until the SGMM Partner and Navigator programs ended in mid-2018. At that time, the SGMM Partners were Cognizant Technologies 8
Electrical Components of Smart Grids - Metering management - Reduce outage Fault Location, duration. AMI & Improve Isolation and System reliability - Reduce number of Restoration outages. - Improve quality indices - Reduce line losses Improve system Volt/Var Control - Fulfill voltage profile efficiency regulation Smart Grids/Distribution Automation Benefits - Improve impact from Inverters, numerical ER Effective DG protection, SCADA, integration and others technology - Improve Power Quality options - Improve Reliability - Reduce maintenance Sensors to determine expenses Advanced asset maintenance program - Reduce associated management according to failure expenses condition-based status - Deferral of replacement
Introduction Under normal operating conditions, feeder reconfiguration aims for a more efficient operating condition of the network. Under faulty conditions, feeder reconfiguration aims to restore the service to the maximum number of users in the shortest time. Prior to determining the location of switches to allow changes in configuration, it is highly recommended to find the best topology for a distribution system.
Optimal Topology The optimal topology normally represents the lowest losses of the system. To determine it, specialized software packages are used, which assume that all the poles, in particular the double deadends, are potential open points. This allows the software to determine the best boundaries among feeders to reduce the overall losses.
Potential Opening Points SUB A SUB B DOUBLE DEADEND SINGLE SUPPORT ON CROSSARM a1 b1 a2 b2 bjx ai bj an bm Feeder 1 Feeder 2
Case Study EMCALI is an utility that has around 110 feeders at 13.2 kV that register a total loss figure above 15% which requires the application of several methods among them the feeder reconfiguration
S/E SAINT ANTHONY S/E SOUTH COLOR CIRCUIT CODE Crystals 0106 0010 St. Anthony 10th Street 0109 Lido 0517 Britain 0513 Cedar 0518 Prototype of the distribution system before reconfiguration
Summary of Results Link Current Location Recommended Location Initial Losses (kW) Final Losses (kW) Reduction (kW) Volt Min Opt. Load CRL CTL Total # Link Circuits Link Circuits CLR CTL Total (p.u) Topology Flow 1 100483A-100483B 0110 0517 1003445-1192621 0517 9.11 292.36 301.47 46.58 163.26 209.84 90.45 91.63 0.970302 12 106023A-106023B 0106 0518 1008536-1201573 0518 61.08 99.98 161.06 82.34 73.40 155.74 5.37 5.32 0.958584 15 106202A-106202B 0109 0513 1061321-1184474 0513 10.99 226.72 237.71 56.66 118.02 174.68 62.63 63.03 0.968333 TOTAL 81.18 619.06 700.24 185.58 354.68 540.26 158.45 159.98 BEFORE AND AFTER RECONFIGURATION LOSSES IN kW OF RESIDENTIAL CIRCUITS 800 700 600 500 kW 400 300 200 100 0
Case Study 19 5 8 12 11 4 3 2 13 17 6 1 9 18 7 10 14 20 21 15 16
Case Study 19 8' 5 8 12 11 4' 12' 19' 13' 2 3 13 4 17 6 9' 1 18 10' 7 1' 10 20' 14' 14 20 21 16' 15 16 18'
Cost Savings Illustration Data kWh Losses Cost saving 0.10 160 kW $/kWh Annual Saving 160 0.10 8760 h $ 140,160 kW $/kWh If the prototype represents 5% of the overall system, the total savings amount is $ 2,803,200
Location of switches controlled remotely • The placement of switches is F=25,988 1/yr N1 T=0,536 h Q=836,269 min/yr carried out in such a way that the reliability and flexibility F=1,400 1/yr criteria of the network are F=2,000 1/yr F=0,960 1/yr T=0,500 h T=0,750 h T=0,450 h Q=42,000 min/yr Q=90,000 min/yr Q=25,920 min/yr N3 N4 N2 increased. N6 N7 F=2,800 1/yr T=0,625 h N5 Q=104,995 min/yr • The reliability of distribution N9 N8 networks can be greatly F=3,780 1/yr F=3,060 1/yr T=0,500 h T=0,484 h Q=113,394 min/yr Q=88,917 min/yr improved by adding switches N13 F=5,119 1/yr F=5,199 1/yr N10 T=0,567 h T=0,544 h Q=174,226 min/yr Q=169,782 min/yr N11 N12 along the feeders. F=2,860 1/yr T=0,649 h F=4,939 1/yr Q=111,416 min/yr T=0,601 h Q=178,185 min/yr • The benefit of adding the F=10,335 1/yr F=10,335 1/yr T=0,543 h T=0,543 h Q=336,523 min/yr switches can be measured by Q=336,523 min/yr examining the improvement in reliability performance.
Location of switches controlled remotely RELIABILITY Some of the most common reliability parameters are the following: 3 4 5 2 λ , • Failure Rate, describes the 1 number of times per year that a component can expected to 3 4 5 experience a failure. 2 1 • Mean Time to Repair (MTTR), r, Original Step 2: Reduces Parallel represents the expected time it will Network Components take for a failure to be repaired. • Probability of being available, P , and a probability of not being Step 1: Reduces Series Step 3: Reduces Series Components Components available, Q . These parameters are found with a proper network modeling
Location of switches controlled remotely F=25,988 1/yr N1 T=0,536 h Q=836,269 min/yr F=1,400 1/yr F=2,000 1/yr F=0,960 1/yr T=0,500 h T=0,750 h T=0,450 h Q=42,000 min/yr Q=90,000 min/yr Q=25,920 min/yr N3 N4 N2 N6 N7 F=2,800 1/yr T=0,625 h N5 Q=104,995 min/yr N9 N8 F=3,780 1/yr F=3,060 1/yr T=0,500 h T=0,484 h Q=113,394 min/yr Q=88,917 min/yr N13 F=5,119 1/yr F=5,199 1/yr N10 T=0,567 h T=0,544 h Q=174,226 min/yr Q=169,782 min/yr N11 N12 F=2,860 1/yr T=0,649 h F=4,939 1/yr Q=111,416 min/yr T=0,601 h Q=178,185 min/yr F=10,335 1/yr F=10,335 1/yr T=0,543 h T=0,543 h Q=336,523 min/yr Q=336,523 min/yr F T Q P W [1/yr] [h] [min/yr] [MW/yr] [MWh/yr] 9,137 0,555 304,142 45,683 25,345 Scenario a 10,335 0,543 336,523 51,676 28,044 Scenario b 9,137 0,555 304,142 45,683 25,345 Scenario c 12,253 0,528 388,333 61,266 32,361 Scenario d 10,096 0,545 330,047 50,478 27,504 Scenario e
Location of switches controlled remotely FLEXIBILITY Switches can be breakers, reclosers and sectionalizers and should have means for remote operation to guarantee a fast reconfiguration when required. The location of switches is carried out based on two flexibility criteria: • The feeders are sectionalized into equally loaded portions as far as it is possible. • The possibility of transferring one or more load sections through the flexibility switches at the boundaries
Location of switches controlled remotely
Location of NC and NO Switches in a DS I II III 5 6 7 11 10 12 8 14 9 1 13 F3 F 2 T2 T1 2 F 1 T3 3 4
Case Example – Initial Configuration B2 Z7 Circuit Breaker S6 Section switch normally closed Z6 Tie switch normally open S5 Zi Feeder section Z5 S4 Z4 S3 Z3 S2 B4 S1 S12 Z13 S13 Z14 B1 Z1 Z2 S7 S11 Z12 Z8 S8 Z9 S9 Z10 S10 Feeder in studio Z11 B3
Case Example – Fault Clearing B2 Z7 Circuit Breaker S6 Section switch normally closed Z6 Tie switch normally open S5 Zi Feeder section Z5 S4 Z4 S3 Z3 S2 B4 S1 S12 Z13 S13 Z14 B1 Z1 Z2 S7 S11 Z12 Z8 S8 Z9 S9 Z10 S10 Z11 B3
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