Pes ests ts & & Path thogens s As Associ ciated w - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Pes ests ts & & Path thogens s As Associ ciated w with H h Hemp Dr. Leslie Beck Extension Weed Specialist, NM State University Dr. Carol Sutherland Extension Entomologist, NM State University & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture Phillip Lujan Plant Diagnostician, NM State University BE BOLD. Shape the Future. The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community development New Mexico State University in New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and Extension programs. aces.nmsu.edu

Outline • Diagnostic clinic • Plant Pathogens • Weed management • Arthropods BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic • Who we are… 1993 1999 2004 2007 2018 University- University/USDA- University/NPDN- University/NPDN University/NPDN Funding $25,000 $50,000 $90,000 /Grants- $110,000 /Grants- $113,000 Director + Director + Director + Director + Diagnostician + Personnel Director Students Diagnostician Diagnostician Students Lab Space No Yes Yes Yes Yes Integrated Lab No No Yes Yes Yes Total Samples 350 1,300 6,300 9,000 43,205 • NPDN STAR-D accredited Sept 1, 2016 (4 th lab in nation) BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic • Personnel: • Director (Extension Plant Pathologist) • Diagnostician (Full time employee) • Assistance from other Specialists • Entomologists • Weed Scientists • Horticulturists • Nematologists BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic • Main Objectives: • To provide plant diagnostic services for the state of New Mexico and the Southwestern region of the United States • To be a support lab/facility for the National Plant Diagnostic Network Western Region • Overall objective: Establish a functional national network of existing diagnostic laboratories to rapidly and accurately detect and report pathogens, pests and weeds of national interest, whether intentionally introduced or not BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic • Services we provide… • Integrated Plant Diagnostic Clinic • Diseases • Abiotic issues • Arthropods • Weed and Plant Identification • Permitted to receive unknowns (diseases/abiotic problems/nematodes) from within the contiguous 48 states • Out-of-state samples require permit with shipment (Please check with me before submission) • Currently unable to accept hemp samples for diagnostics, however we are working on policy to allow the processing of hemp samples grown in NM. Cannabis samples NOT accepted. • “Test…Don’t guess!” BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

The Diagnostic Process • An accurate diagnosis depends on: – Early detection of plant problem – routine examination of the plant – Examination of good specimens and/or photos – Obtaining accurate information BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

The Diagnostic Process Samples must contain the right material, an entire plant or several plants if practical Diseases may show up on any part of Foliage the plant diseases Keep most roots and Check for injuries, disease soil intact if possible on the main stem BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic Plant clinic website: plantclinic.nmsu.edu BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic • How to submit a sample for diagnosis/identification Plant clinic website: plantclinic.nmsu.edu BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic • How to submit a sample for diagnosis/identification BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Key Plant Pathology Concepts • There are many different living and non-living entities that can have a negative affect on plants • Plants that are under stress are more susceptible to disease than plants that are growing strong BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Hem emp Disea seases s to o “W “Watch For or” ( ( Sou ources: Dr Dr. BC, Canada ) Shouhua Wang, N Nevad ada; a; D Dr. Zami mir Punja, B Fusarium wilt/root rot: ( Fusarium oxysporum/Fusarium solani ) Pythium crown and root rot ( Pythium spp. ) Symptoms: Symptoms: chlorotic damping off: leaves, stunted chlorosis at leaves, plants, cutting into wilt and topple stems reveal reddish- over; brown rot at brown discoloration soil line, necrosis of xylem BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Hem emp Disea seases s to o “W “Watch For or” ( ( Sou ources: Dr Dr. BC, Canada ) Shouhua Wang, N Nevad ada; a; D Dr. Zami mir Punja, B Powdery mildew Phytoplasma witches’ broom Symptoms: early Symptoms: symptoms show chlorosis, dwarfing raised humps on and hypertrophy of upper leaf surfaces, leaves or flowers after mycelium (rosette/witches’ develops then it broom) becomes powdery BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Cultural practices to minimize disease risk: • Start with disease-free planting stock • Proper site selection and planting time • Proper watering and fertilizing • Don’t plant too dense and create a moist microclimate • Proper pruning and sanitation practices – remove debris, sterilize tools, wash hands, etc. • Weed and insect control… BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Weed Management in Hemp

Integrated Pest management (IPM) • Currently no labeled herbicides (organic or synthetic) for hemp production in NM • Weed management must be dependent on IPM strategies – “Sustainable approach to managing pests by combining prevention, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.” • Multiple control options available – No single weed control option will be successful

Weed Management Tools • How do I manage weeds? – Prevention • Plant certified seed, clean equipment, weed control prior to planting hemp, early detection/rapid response – Mechanical/Physical • Tillage (if possible), hoeing, hand pulling, prescribed burning, mulching, weed blankets, etc. – Cultural • Reduce weeds by managing desired plants – The more dense and aggressive the hemp crop, the more competition with weeds (greenhouse, row planting?) • Cover crops? – Biological • Insects or fungi that work negatively on weed – Chemical • No options in hemp

Seed Bank • Sum of viable weed seeds and vegetative propagules that are present in the soil and contribute to future weed pressure – Consists of both new weed seeds, and dormant viable seeds – Also includes tubers, bulbs, rhizomes • One of the most important (though neglected) and impactful weed management strategies – Minimize ‘deposits’ and maximize ‘withdrawls’

Seed Bed Preparation • Pre-crop preparation of the bed is the ideal time to address weeds as much as possible!

Why are the weeds there? • Indicator weeds – weeds whose presence in an environment can often indicate an underlying management problem – i.e. drainage problem, lack of nitrogen, high soil pH, compaction, etc. • Often different management can be suggested to help desirable plants outcompete weeds – Won’t control weeds outright, useful tool – Management depends on the method of hemp production • Open field, row planting, greenhouse, etc.

Cover crops • Hemp grows quickly and densely, thus acts as effective cover crop – Row planting • Lack of herbicide use has lead to interest in other methods for weed control – Grassy crops for increased competition (shorter grain production) • Rye • Hemp is usually marketed as gluten-free, thus avoid grain cover crops – Volunteer barley, wheat, other cereals

Weed barrier fabrics • Durable fabric – some last for years • Water and air must pass through • Organic options biodegrade • Often covered with mulch

Regardless of management practice, make sure it’s used correctly!

Arthropod ods A Associ ociated with He Hemp* Dr. Carol Sutherland Extension Entomologist, NM State University & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture *Whitney Cranshaw, Entomology Extension Specialist Colorado State University BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Root Feeders Rice Root Aphid** Fungus Gnats BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

‘Chewer ers’ s’ o on H n Hem emp p Foliage • beet webworm beet armyworm cotton square borer painted lady saltmarsh yellow woollybear zebra caterpillars variegated & yellow-striped cutworms R. Hake, TAMU • Earwigs Grasshoppers Beetles: flea & cucumber beetles BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu