Food Systems and Human Health and Nutrition: An Economic Policy Perspective with a Focus on Africa Per Pinstrup-Andersen FSE Global Food Policy and Food Security Symposium Stanford University October 11, 2012
2,900,000,000,000 Pounds of Food Lost 3-3.5 Billion Additional People Could be Fed
CLIMATE ¡CHANGE ¡ INSTITUTIONS ¡ GLOBALIZATION ¡ MIGRATION ¡ POLICY ¡ENVIRONMENT ¡ POPULATION ¡GROWTH ¡ CULTURE ¡& ¡FAMILY ¡ adult ¡health ¡ & ¡nutri)onal ¡ status ¡ occupa)onal ¡health ¡risks ¡ spread ¡of ¡disease ¡via ¡migratory ¡labor ¡ water-‑associated ¡vector-‑borne ¡diseases ¡ exposure ¡to ¡pes)cides, ¡toxins, ¡allergens ¡ adult ¡dietary ¡ intake ¡ zoonoses, ¡contamina)on ¡of ¡food ¡and ¡water ¡(e.g. ¡ with ¡feces, ¡microbes, ¡chemicals, ¡toxic ¡metals) ¡ domes)c ¡ access ¡to ¡ labor ¡supply ¡ health ¡ market ¡ services ¡ access ¡ low ¡birthweight ¡ hygiene ¡& ¡ food ¡& ¡non-‑ sanita)on ¡ food ¡prices ¡ environment ¡ breasKeeding ¡ prac)ces ¡ resource ¡reple)on ¡& ¡deple)on ¡ transfers ¡& ¡ credit ¡ remiXances ¡ access ¡ micronutrient ¡ child ¡health ¡ complementary ¡ other ¡farm ¡ powders ¡& ¡ status ¡ & ¡non-‑farm ¡ feeding ¡prac)ces ¡ infrastructure ¡ farm ¡labor ¡ supplements ¡ labor ¡supply ¡ & ¡food ¡alloca)on ¡ & ¡implements ¡ supply ¡ behavior ¡ HH ¡income ¡& ¡ assets ¡ environmental ¡ inputs ¡ factors ¡ food ¡value ¡ management ¡ chain ¡ external ¡ decision ¡ factors ¡ food ¡ management ¡ nutrient ¡ management ¡ assistance ¡ decision ¡ C bioavailability ¡ decision ¡ A B child ¡ HH ¡produc)ve ¡ HH ¡agricultural ¡ HH ¡food ¡ child ¡dietary ¡ nutri)onal ¡ assets ¡ produc)on ¡ access ¡ intake ¡ mycotoxins ¡ status ¡ 3 4 5 1 2 infrastructure ¡ & ¡implements ¡ access ¡to ¡ HH ¡income ¡ waste/loss ¡ storage ¡ health ¡ & ¡assets ¡ services ¡ mortality ¡ inputs ¡ morbidity ¡ physical ¡growth ¡ loss ¡of ¡labor ¡& ¡diminished ¡work ¡capacity ¡ health ¡costs/diminished ¡earning ¡poten)al ¡ farm ¡labor ¡ disability ¡ supply ¡ reproduc)on ¡ chronic ¡disease ¡ cogni)ve ¡ hired ¡labor ¡ school ¡ development ¡& ¡ performance ¡ intellectual ¡ability ¡ hygiene ¡& ¡ sanita)on ¡ environment ¡ Source: Jones, A. 2011. Overcoming barriers to improving infant and young child feeding practices in the Bolivian Andes: The role of agriculture and rural livelihoods . PhD diss., Cornell University.
Food Price Changes
Food Price Changes Economic Growth, Urbanization and Globalization
Food Price Changes Economic Growth, Urbanization and Globalization Research and Technological Change
Food Price Changes Economic Growth, Urbanization and Globalization Research and Technological Change Biofuel and Competition for Resources
Food Price Changes Economic Growth, Urbanization and Globalization Research and Technological Change Biofuel and Competition for Resources Land Grabbing
Food Price Changes Economic Growth, Urbanization and Globalization Research and Technological Change Biofuel and Competition for Resources Land Grabbing Climate Change
Food Price Changes Economic Growth, Urbanization and Globalization Research and Technological Change Biofuel and Competition for Resources Land Grabbing Climate Change Demographic Change
Index 140 120 100 2009 80 60 40 1980 20 1990 0 2005 Source: NBS: China Statistical Year Book, 1987 and 2010.
Index 250 200 150 100 2009 50 0 1957 1981 1990 2005 Source: NBS: China Statistical Year Book, 1987 and 2010.
Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Energy and Anemia Blindness Nutrient Chronic Diseases Balance Water-borne diseases Behavior and Environment Zoonotic pathogens Health HIV/AIDS Food Status Drugs and medicinal plants Systems Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Food Safety Toxins and allergens Water Safety Contamination Sanitation • Microbial • Chemical Hygiene • Toxic metals
Source: UNICEF, September 2012, ChildInfo: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women, Accessed online at: http://www.childinfo.org/malnutrition.html.
Available food, clean water, good sanitation, health care Prices Food System Money and time constraints Access to food, clean water, good sanitation, health care Behavior and preferences Intra-household allocation Health and nutrition
Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Energy and Anemia Blindness Nutrient Chronic Diseases Balance Water-borne diseases Behavior and Environment Zoonotic pathogens Health HIV/AIDS Food Status Drugs and medicinal plants Systems Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Food Safety Toxins and allergens Water Safety Contamination Sanitation • Microbial • Chemical Hygiene • Toxic metals
Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Energy and Anemia Blindness Nutrient Chronic Diseases Balance Water-borne diseases Behavior and Environment Zoonotic pathogens Health HIV/AIDS Food Status Drugs and medicinal plants Systems Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Food Safety Toxins and allergens Water Safety Contamination Sanitation • Microbial • Chemical Hygiene • Toxic metals
Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Energy and Anemia Blindness Nutrient Chronic Diseases Balance Water-borne diseases Behavior and Environment Zoonotic pathogens Health HIV/AIDS Food Status Drugs and medicinal plants Systems Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Food Safety Toxins and allergens Water Safety Contamination Sanitation • Microbial • Chemical Hygiene • Toxic metals
Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Energy and Anemia Blindness Nutrient Chronic Diseases Balance Water-borne diseases Behavior and Environment Zoonotic pathogens Health HIV/AIDS Food Status Drugs and medicinal plants Systems Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Food Safety Toxins and allergens Water Safety Contamination Sanitation • Microbial • Chemical Hygiene • Toxic metals
Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Energy and Anemia Blindness Nutrient Chronic Diseases Balance Water-borne diseases Behavior and Environment Zoonotic pathogens Health HIV/AIDS Food Status Drugs and medicinal plants Systems Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Food Safety Toxins and allergens Water Safety Contamination Sanitation • Microbial • Chemical Hygiene • Toxic metals
Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Energy and Anemia Blindness Nutrient Chronic Diseases Balance Water-borne diseases Behavior and Environment Zoonotic pathogens Health HIV/AIDS Food Status Drugs and medicinal plants Systems Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Food Safety Toxins and allergens Water Safety Contamination Sanitation • Microbial • Chemical Hygiene • Toxic metals
Energy-Dense Foods Diabetes Red and Processed Meat Cancer Melamine in Milk Illness and Death Chicken Feed and Feather Meal! Arsenic Caffeine Tylenol Prozac Benadryl Antibiotics and Resistant Bacteria
Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Energy and Anemia Blindness Nutrient Chronic Diseases Balance Water-borne diseases Behavior and Environment Zoonotic pathogens Health HIV/AIDS Food Status Drugs and medicinal plants Systems Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Food Safety Toxins and allergens Water Safety Contamination Sanitation • Microbial • Chemical Hygiene • Toxic metals
Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Energy and Anemia Blindness Nutrient Chronic Diseases Balance Water-borne diseases Behavior and Environment Zoonotic pathogens Health HIV/AIDS Food Status Drugs and medicinal plants Systems Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Food Safety Toxins and allergens Water Safety Contamination Sanitation • Microbial • Chemical Hygiene • Toxic metals
Natural resources and input Primary production Transport, storage and exchange Secondary production Transport, storage and exchange Consumption Health and nutrition
• Improve water management systems to avoid water borne diseases • Improve quality of drinking water to reduce risk of infectious diseases Natural resources • Add micronutrients to soil to reduce and input micronutrient deficiencies in humans • Control interaction with wildlife to reduce risk of zoonotic diseases
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