Historical Perspective on the complexity of Africa (Focused on - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Historical Perspective on the complexity of Africa (Focused on northwest Africa) Max de Vietri 27 June 2013 AAMIG AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 1 of Africa

► The size of Africa ► Principal continental-wide interactions < 1500 AD Great advance 1500 – 1885 Decline 1 st Scramble for Africa 1885 – 1914 1914 – 1960 Wakeup call 2 nd Scramble for Africa 1960 – present ► Today’s ethnicities (race, language, culture) ► Perspective of present-day problems (mainly north Africa) ► International Relations of Africa Purpose of the presentation: • Demonstrate the complexity of the situation in (north) Africa • Show that Africa needs social and political understanding AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 2 of Africa

AFRICA ~30 million sq. km Australia ~7.7 million sq. km UK ~242,000 sq. km AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 3 of Africa

AFRICA ~30 million sq. km Australia ~7.7 million sq. km + 1,000,000,000 people UK ~242,000 sq. km AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 4 of Africa

AFRICANS To be “African”… Is it a modern day invention? All are Africans but they are not an ethnic unity! AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 5 of Africa

Romans / Mediterraneans AFRICA Gibraltar Arab / Indian Cairo 0 AD – 1,000 AD Arabs + Berbers Berbers Arabs The Prophet Mohamed; born 570 AD Approximate line Bantu Mecca 630 AD of penetration of Died 632 AD Islamic religion and Arab influence Arabs army defeat beginning 7 th C Byzantine , Cairo 641AD Arabs cross the Straits of Muslim conquest energised culture in Africa and Gibraltar in 711 AD began the re-civilisation of Western Europe AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 6 of Africa

AFRICA 1,000 AD – 1,500 AD Many African states and kingdoms with advanced social and political structures similar to later developments in Europe, trading as far as China AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 7 of Africa

AFRICA 1,000 AD – 1,500 AD Abubakari II 1312 abdicated and set across Atlantic with 1000 ships Mansa Musa I 1280 – 1337 Established Mali as a world leader in military, economic and intellectual power When Mansa Musa went to Mecca, he distributed so much gold on his way that the international price fell so badly the then- know world economy was affected for over 20 years ! AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 8 of Africa

AFRICA 1,000 AD – 1,500 AD Abubakari II 1312 abdicated and set across Atlantic with 1000 ships Mansa Musa I 1280 – 1337 Established Mali as a world leader in military, economic Holy Roman Empire? and intellectual Charlemagne? power When Mansa Musa went to Mecca, he distributed so much gold on his way that the international price fell so badly the then- know world economy was affected for over 20 years ! AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 9 of Africa

1500 – 1800 Inland African states and kingdoms were Trading with Europeans now in decline with Slaves / Ivory / Gold / Wood cross-Sahara caravan trade being replaced Songhai by European sea-trade States Hausa States Darfur Borno 1659 - First French trading post at Buganda Coastal ethnic groups mouth of Senegal thrived on trade with River Kongo the Europeans 1652 – Dutch colony established in Cape Horn Bozwi 1685 + Huguenots 1795 + British 1505 - First trading post established by Portuguese AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 10 of Africa

1881- The French took the region of 1800 – 1900 present day Tunisia under the pretext of an “ Islamic terror ” incident, as the Islamic Ottoman Empire was beginning to implode Established since 8 th Century “The clash of civilisations” … continued into a 2 nd round? Who is the coloniser? Who is the aggressor? AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 11 of Africa

The Berlin Conference 1885 Otto von Bismarck First Chancellor of newly United Germany unified Germany Austria-Hungary Belgium Denmark France United Kingdom Netherlands Portugal Russia Spain Sweden-Norway Ottoman Empire (United States) • Called to formalise the “First Scramble for Africa” • No African present • King Leopold invites Henry Morton Stanley “help him civilise the continent” AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 12 of Africa

The treaty of Berlin 1885 Good and bad effects …. ….intentional and unintentional Economic growth Ethiopia Liberia AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 13 of Africa

WWI and WWII Another African resource was exploited: fighting men Showed the African that : • Whites were not invulnerable • there were different ideas and exchanges • not all of Africa was colonised • freedom was valuable • links could be formed between elites 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 14 of Africa

Independence 1960s M. Naguib / Gamel Abdel Nasser Independence of Egypt 18 June 1953 1956 - Suez defeat… But France & UK forced to withdraw by US & USSR Julius Nyerere Tanzania First President 1961 Kwame Nkrumah Ghana Leopold Senghor First President 1957 Houphouët-Boigny Ben Bella WWII Patrice Lumumba • Weakened the European powers Jomo Kenyatta • Awoke African champions Hastings Banda • Catalyst for the decolonisation of Africa Kenneth Kaunda Samora Machel Moktar O Daddah AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 15 of Africa

Good time for some 1970s Good times for some (eg. Algeria - +8% growth)/ bad times for others Bad time for all 1980s Rampant inflation in US. Measures to curb through change in international terms of trade … Sends African countries into economic/political tailspin. (eg. Algeria - revenues fall 50%... civil war) Cold War (1947 – 1991) upsets balance of power in several countries as both US and USSR upheld autocratic leaders AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 16 of Africa

• Formed 1995 WTO • Liberalise and regulate international trade & improve access • Platform to negotiate, formalise and regulate trade agreements International trade - African efforts were focused : • Develop national strategies • Deepen African integration; • Facilitate international trade • Building trade-enabling infrastructure Problems: • Supply-side problems • Infrastructure deficiency • Regional integration Very stiff western competition AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 17 of Africa

2 nd scramble for Africa ~ 15 million sq. km consists of Archaean to Palaeozoic basement ~ 15 million sq. km of Palaeozoic to Recent sedimentary basins plus continental edge GOLD MINERALS PETROLEUM COAL TIMBER AGRICULTURE AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 18 of Africa

AFRICANS 2,000 native languages spoken in Africa Ethnicity: Race Language Culture Religion Clothes Food Customs Where do the very weak and poor find activity and some profit? AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 19 of Africa

TRAFFICKING Illicit traffic ► Backed by “Big Man” ► Done by the poor and the “bound” Cocaine Heroin Cigarettes Arms People Main “narco - traffic” routes AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 20 of Africa

USA - French & British attack AFRICA International “Relations” On Gadhafi regime WHY ? On fall of Gadhafi – Return of “out -of- work” Touareg mercenaries to homelands and tribes - With their arms and their Islamist “mates” AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 21 of Africa

AFRICA Militant Islamists’ - Centres of recruitment Religious zealots Youth – Disaffected Unemployed Marginalised Libya – Benghazi, Awbari NOW AUGMENTED Algeria - Tindouf BY: Mauritania – Nema, Armed mercenaries Mali - Timbuktu, Kidal, Taoudeni Niger - Arlit, Agadez Nigeria - Kano, Maiduguri Chad – Faya, Zouar Sudan – Nyala, El Obeid Recruitment centres Somalia – Belet Huen, Lugh Ganana Etc, etc…. 22 AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 of Africa

AQIM 2007 Al Qaeda Moktar Belmoktar AFRICA (ex – GSPC ) into West Africa ~2007 “Al Qaeda in Maghreb” MUJAO POVERTY 2011 spilt from AQIM UNEMPOYMENT “Islam and Jihad” DISCRIMINATION Signed-in-Blood 2012 Split from AQIM “Global Jihad” Ansar Dine 2011 (Lyad Ag Ghaly) MIA 2013 “Defenders of (Alghabass Ag Intalla the Faith” spilt from Ansar Dine ?) Boko Haram “Independence of “Western education is Azawad” sinful” MNLA Trouble spot 2011 (roots in 1960s) United under the banner of “Islamism” Not Islam!) AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 23 of Africa

Touareg: Ifogha tribe(5) Intalla family (mixed (Berber / Black)+Arab) Mixed with Arabs 7 th - 15 th Century and adopted Islam, camel and Bedouin habits Lyad Ag Ghaly: Ansar Dine Alghabass Ag Intalla : MIA Azawad Major Mali uprisings: 1963, 1992, 2007-2009, 2012 Did the French now overpromise on Azawad ? Moussa Ag Assarid: MNLA AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 24 of Africa