Paging God: Religion in the Halls of Medicine Wendy Cadge Brandeis University www.wendycadge.com (Photo: Muslim Prayer Room, Texas Children’s Hospital)
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Recent Statistics • 70-85% of Americans regularly pray for good or better health for themselves or a family member • 72% believe God can cure people given no chance of survival by medical science • 60% of the public and 20% of medical professionals think someone in a persistent vegetative state can be saved by a miracle (Jacobs, Burns, and Jacobs 2008). 7
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Fraction of Articles in PubMed Related to Religion/Spirituality 0.4 0.35 0.3 articles 0.25 ed Religion M 0.2 Spirituality b u f all P Religion or Spirituality 0.15 o % 0.1 0.05 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Year 9
PAGI NG GOD Re ligion in the Halls of Me dic ine W ENDY CADGE While the mode rn s cie nce of me dicine ofte n s ee ms nothing s hort of miraculous , re ligion s till pla ys an important role in the pas t and pres e nt of many hos pitals . Whe n thre e -quarte rs of Ame ricans be lie ve tha t God can cure people who ha ve be e n give n little or no chance of s urvival by the ir doctors , how do toda y’s technologically s ophis tica ted health care organiza tions addres s s pirituality and faith? rough a combina tion of inte rviews with nurs es , doctors , and chaplains a cros s the Unite d S ta tes and clos e obs e r- va tion of the ir daily routines , We ndy Cadge takes reade rs ins ide ma jor acade mic me dical ins titutions to explore how toda y’s doctors and hos pitals addres s pra ye r and othe r forms of re ligion and s pirituality. From cha pe ls to inte ns ive care units to the morgue , hos pital caregive rs s peak directly in thes e pages about how re ligion is part of the ir daily work in vis ible and invis ible wa ys . In Pag ing God: Re lig io n in the Halls o f Me dic ine , Cadge s hifts a tte ntion a wa y from the ongo- ing controve rs y about whe the r faith and s pirituality s hould pla y a role in he alth care and ba ck to the many wa ys tha t thes e powe rful forces already function in healthcare toda y. “From the ope ning narra tive about a Buddhis t monk near dea th to the concluding s tory about a pare nt s e e king pra ye r, Pag ing God is rich with ins ights a bout the challe nges facing health practitione rs as Ame rica be comes more re ligious ly and e thnically dive rs e . is is e thnographic res e arch a t its bes t. We ndy Ca dge has writte n an impres s ive s tudy tha t s hould be read by eve ryone inte res te d in unde rs tanding how re ligious dive rs ity is res ha ping our s ocie ty.” —ROBERT WUTHNOW, a uthor of Ame ric a and the Challe ng e s of Re lig ious Dive rs ity “ Pag ing Go d is es s e ntial reading for thos e inte re s te d in the eve r-s hifting place of s pirituality in Ame rican healthcare and s ocie ty. Wea ving inte rviews from pa tie nts , s taff, doctors and chaplains into a fas cina ting s tory of the powe r of re ligion and s pirituality in the lives of thos e s truggling with illnes s and dea th, We ndy Cadge ’s s tudy exce ls in s cie ntific obje ctivity—but with s e ns itivity to the nuance d role of re ligion in the lives of pe ople involve d in the hos pital expe ri- e nce .”—HELEN ROS E EBAUGH, Unive rs ity of Hous ton “ e ble nd of his torical, archival re s earch, in-de pth inte rviews and participant obs e rva tion, and vis ual analys is of arche ology and des ign in Pag ing God is powe rful, and We ndy Cadge ’s a tte mpts to make s e ns e of this pe culiar ye t dominant s ocial world will be e nthus ias tically re ce ive d.”—ELIZABETH M. ARMSTRONG, Princeton Unive rs ity S e e re ve rs e for orde r form. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS www.press.uchicago.edu 10
Chapter Outline for Paging God • c.1 In the Beginning…a Tour • c.2 Looking Back: Glimpses of Religion and Spirituality in the History of Academic Medical Centers • c.3 From Symbols to Silence: The Design and Use of Hospital Chapels • c.4 Wholeness, Presence and Hope: The Perspectives of Hospital Chaplains • c.5 Essential or Optional? How Hospitals Shape Chaplains’ Professional Tasks • c.6 Spirituality and Religion in Intensive Care: Staffs’ Perspectives and Professional Responses • c.7 Why Sickness and Death? Religion and Spirituality in the Ways Intensive Care Unit Staff Make Meaning • c.8 Managing Death: The Personal and Institutional “Dirty Work” of Chaplains • c.9 Conclusions, Looking Forward 11
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• Page of prayers Cadge, Wendy and M. Daglian. 2008. “Blessings, Strength, and Guidance: Prayer Frames in a Hospital Prayer Book” Poetics 36: 358-373. 13
All photos and tables in this talk are used with permission. Details and notes are in Paging God: Religion in the Halls of Medicine 14
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Paging God: Religion in the Halls of Medicine Wendy Cadge Brandeis University www.wendycadge.com (Photo: Muslim Prayer Room, Texas Children’s Hospital) 24
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Religious Distribution of U.S. Population (2007) and Association for Professional Chaplains, National Association for Catholic Chaplains and National Association for Jewish Chaplains (2010) % of U.S. population % of combined APC, Religion NACC, NAJC members Evangelical Protestant 26.3 12.5 Mainline Protestant 18.1 31.8 Catholic 23.9 43.2 Historically Black 6.9 1.1 Churches Mormon 1.7 <1.0 Orthodox .6 <1.0 Jewish 1.7 9.7 Muslim .6 <1.0 Buddhist .7 <1.0 Hindu .4 <1.0 Jehovah’s Witness .7 <1.0 Other Faiths <1.8 <1.0 Unaffiliated 16.1 0 Don’t Know .8 0 26
Table 1. Chaplaincy Service in U.S. Hospitals Hospitals % of reporting Total Reporting Reporting Year hospitals with Hospitals Hospitals Chaplaincy chaplaincy Service 1954 6049 4036 66.7% 1966 2914 41% 1972 7097 3038 43% 1980 6,965 6,277 3,643 58.0% 1981* 6,933 6,276 3,371 53.7% 1982 6,915 6,277 3,499 55.7% 1983 6,888 6,353 3,670 57.8% 1984 6,872 6,302 3,817 60.6% 1985 6,872 6,304 4,000 63.5% 1992 6,539 5,916 3,175 53.7% 1993 5,789 3,398 58.7% 2002 5,794 4,876 2,581 52.9% 2003 5,764 4,946 2,934 59.3% 2004 5,759 4,854 2,954 60.8% 2005 5,756 4,852 2,999 61.8% 2006 5,747 4,836 3,076 63.6% 2007 5,708 4,899 3,102 63.3% 2008 5,815 4,862 3,136 64.5% 2009 5,795 4,759 3,089 64.9% 27
Table 2. Membership in Professional Chaplaincy Organizations and Percentage of Members Certified as Professional Chaplains Over Time APHA/ Year AMHC College of APC NACC NAJC Chaplains 1945 n/a n/a n/a 1950 n/a n/a n/a 1955 341 n/a n/a n/a 1960 390 n/a n/a n/a 1965 551 566 n/a n/a 1970 781 n/a 784 (53%) n/a 1975 558 (46%) n/a 1630 (69%) n/a 1980 1470 (61%) n/a 2267 n/a 1985 1682 n/a 3222 (69%) n/a 1990 239 (35%) 1899 (67%) n/a 3520 (62%) n/a 1995 176 (44%) 2617 (63%) n/a 3547 (70%) 211 (38%) 2000 n/a n/a 3472 (59%) 3455 (69%) 410 (20%) 2005 n/a n/a 3782 (71%) 3154 (74%) 584 (16%) 2010 n/a n/a 4072 (75%) 2625 (73%) 601 (18%) 28
Chaplaincy Service in U.S. Hospitals (1980 - 2003) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 2 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 (Source: Cadge, Wendy, Jeremy Freese, and Nicholas Christakis. 2008. “Hospital Chaplaincy in the United States: A National Overview.” Southern Medical Journal . 101(6):626-630.) 29
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