Child Well Being: " An International Seminar ! Anthropological Perspectives ! Carol M. Worthman ! Emory University ! February, 2013 ! Jed Stevenson, UCL !
Overview ! Well being according to Lancet ! Anthropological models ! ! Heuristic (relativity) ! ! Predictive (regularities) ! Child well-being PLUS !
C HILD ! W ELL -B EING !
Relations among poverty, stunting, ! child development, and school achievement ! Grantham-McGregor et al. 2007. Lancet 369: 60-70. ! Poverty ! Primary caretaker ! Stress/depression ! Poor care and Low responsivity ! home stimulation ! Low education ! Poor school Nutritional achievement ! deficiencies/infections ! Poor cognitive, Stunting ! motor, socio- emotional development !
Anthropological Perspectives !
COMMUNITY ! Physical Demographics ! Relationships ! Culture ! ecology ! HOUSEHOLD ! Mother ! Poverty ! Alloparenting ! Depression ! risk, relationships ! CHILD ! Malnutrition, ! Poor care and infection, stunting ! home stimulat’n ! Poor socioemotional, Poor school cognitive, motor achievement ! development !
Heuristic models Key independent Dependent variable variables Ecocultural everyday activities, child well-being routines Developmental settings, customs, child health & niche caretaker psychology, development endogenous factors evolutionary, child care Cultural economic- arrangements mediation demographic, and cultural factors
Street children compared to..? !
Allostatic load in Nepali boys ! 4 ! ± 1.0 ! ± 1.0 ! LOAD ! • ACT ! 3 ! ± 0.9 ! Allostatic Load Score ! • EBV ! ± 1.0 ! • cortisol ! • cortisol CV ! 2 ! • pressor ! • flex HR ! • HAZ ! 1 ! • WHAZ ! ! 0 ! Group ! SCHOOL ! SQUATTER ! HOMELESS ! VILLAGE ! Worthman & Panter Brick. 2008. Development and Psychopathology 20:233-255 . !
Back-to-school, cultural models, and child self regulation in Atlanta !
Developmental microniche " relates to child self regulation ! Contrary to the cultural model: ! Child schedule complexity does not predict to CV regulation (RSA) ! ♦ Child’s Y1 schedule complexity was not related to Y2 child CV reactivity. ! But parent schedule complexity did predict to child CV regulation. ! ♦ Busy mothers Y1 had less reactive children Y2. ! ♦ Employed mothers had more reactive children Y2. ! ! DeCaro & Worthman (2007) Parenting Sci Practice 7 , 177-203; (2008) Am J Hum Biol 20 , 572-583. !
Key independent variables Dependent variables Predictive models / theory Paleolithic material and resource allocation across Discordance biosocial environments versus the life course, chronic DoHAD later environments disease early life experience, maternal later function, Developmental early life experience, trade-offs nutritional status ecology in resource allocation Life history theory requirements for adult parental investment Embodied competence capital Behavioral ecology ecosystem services, human child well-being Ecosystem macroecology, child’s dynamics microecology Systems theory
Early maltreatment, adrenal regulation, & adult depression in rural Nepal: " Gene-environment interactions in life history !
GxE influences psychobehavioral sensitivity to life stressors ! ! G variability substantial ! ! G x E widespread ! ! Differential sensitivity to context ! ! � Risky � allele under risky conditions yields most favorable outcomes under low risk ! ! Organize emotional behavior; � see � the world differently ! ! Sets up basis for contingent life-history strategy ! Worthman. 2009. Am J Human Biology 211:772-781. !
Gene-maltreatment interaction predicts adult depression ! Negative CAR, FKBP5 hypocorti SNPs solemia ! Means are adjusted for sex, age, lifetime adult trauma (TEI quartiles), exposure to political violence (locally developed political violence scale quartiles), and stress exposure in past year !
20 18 16 d.Error) (Std.Error) 14 12 Score (St DSRS Score 10 8 DSRS 6 4 2 0 Community < 66% Hindu ! Community > 66% Hindu ! Community < 66% Hindu Community > 66% Hindu Boy Boy Controls ! Boy Control Controls s Boy Boy Soldiers ! Boy Soldiers Soldiers Gi Girl Controls ! Girl rl Control Controls s Gi Girl Soldiers ! Girl rl Soldiers Soldiers
Inflammation-HPA " interactions ! � Acute ! � Developmental !
Child well-being in context ! Individual/household model insufficient ! Models in anthropology ! " Heuristic: cultural processes ! " Predictive: adaptive design ! Societal well-being integral to child well- being !
Socialization ambiguity and stress in Samoan adolescents ! McDade & Worthman (2004). J Research on Adolescence, 14 , 49-72. !
Dimensions studied ! HEALTH RELATIONSHIPS Nutrition and growth Attachment / anxiety Food/water security Social relations Morbidity Sexual mores Mortality Freedom of choice and action STRESS / SUFFERING COMPETENCE Early stressors Knowledge / learning Biocultural mediators Psychomotor development Subjective well-being Play
Historical transitions in child WB ! Transitions Pro Con 1. demography (–) child mortality (–) sibling contact (+) parent : child ratio 2.1 epidemiology (–) infectious disease (+) chronic disease 2.2 nutrition (–) undernutrition (+) overnutrition, obesity 3. education (+) literacy (–) socialization by near-peers (–) local ecological knowledge 4. politics / (+) formal law, (+) social inequality economics individual rights 5. ecology (+) temperate climates at (+) climatic unpredictability high latitudes (–) biodiversity
Genotype-environment interactions in cortisol awakening response ! .20 ! Childhood maltreatment ! ±.14 ! .18 ! ±.12 ! Below median ! ±.11 ! .16 ! CAR (post-waking – waking, ug/dL) ! ±.14 ! Above median ! .14 ! ±.14 ! ±.12 ! .12 ! .10 ! ±.11 ! Genotype ! .08 ! AA homozygotes (n=11) ! ±.06 ! .06 ! G-allele carriers (n=107) ! .04 ! .02 ! 0 ! 3 consecutive ! 0 ! 30 ! minutes ! days ! Waking ! Post-waking !
Developmental microniche " relates to daily stress (PM cortisol) ! Child daily stress was unrelated to child schedule. ! ♦ Child PM cortisol was not related to Y1 or Y2 child schedule density . ! Structural factors relate to child daily stress under stable conditions. ! ♦ Child Y1 PM cortisol was increased where mother single or married and working. ! Relationship factors related to daily stress under ecologic stressor. ! ♦ Child Y2 PM cortisol associated with child-parent difficulty and (–) with maternal PSI. ! DeCaro & Worthman (2008) Developmental Psychobiology 50 , 183-195. ! !
Emotion and resource allocation ! ! Role of emotion in selection, attention, interpretation, decision-making ! ! Negotiating personal needs and goals with external demand/threat and opportunity ! ! Output to physiology and behavior ! ! Endocrine and neuroendocrine regulation of physiology and resource partitioning !
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