Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Enhanced information exchange on hazardous substances in electronics Connecting the production and end-of-life stages Dr. Magnus Bengtsson Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Japan Stakeholders' Information Needs on Chemicals in Articles/Products, Geneva, 9-12 February 2009 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Overview 1. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies 2. Overview and rationale of the current study 3. Hazards of end-of-life treatment 4. Current policies and information exchange systems 5. Results of initial interviews 6. Conclusions IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 2
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Photo: Yasuhiko HOTTA � Founded in 1998 supported by the Government of Japan, � Policy research institute working to promote SD in the Asia-Pacific region, � 7 research areas: Climate Policy, Biofuels, Forest Conservation, Fresh Water, Waste and Resources, Capacity Development and Education, Business and Environment � Headquarters in Hayama (south of Tokyo), 3 other domestic offices (Tokyo, Kobe, and Kitakyusyu), and 2 international offices (Bangkok and Beijing) � Visit our website for details (www.iges.or.jp) IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 3 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Research objective and components Objective of the study • To propose an information exchange system for hazardous chemicals contained in electronic products, aimed at reducing environmental risks in end-of-life treatment. • Focused on Japan in the first stage, will expand to East Asia later Research components � Identify environmental risks (incl. environmental pollutions and occupational health issues) at the recycling and waste treatment stages � Analyze information needs and potential benefits of different kinds of information � Investigate what information can be generated at what stages � Analyze what kind of information system would be feasible and how it can be established IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 4
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Hypothesis - Potential Benefits � Information disclosure: from Producers to Recyclers � Safer recycling process Regulatory framework also needed � Higher recycling rate Economic benefits for recyclers � Less contaminated materials � Feedback: from Recyclers to Producers � Improve Design for Environment (DfE) Info. Disclosure Rationale: With improved knowledge on how Producers Recyclers Producers Recyclers products are recycled and how waste is treated, and on hazards related with those operations, Feedback producers can improve their product design . IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 5 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Hazardous substances and components in WEEE Components Found in Substances of concern Cathode ray tubes Old TV sets, PC Pb in cone glass monitors, oscilloscopes Ba in electron gun getter Cd in phosphors Printed circuit boards Ubiquitous, from Pb, Sb in solder beepers to PCs Cd, Be in contacts Hg in switches BFRs in plastics Batteries Portable devices Cd in Ni-Cd batteries Pb in lead acid batteries Hg in batteries Gas discharge lamps Backlights of LCDs Hg Plastics Polyvinylchloride Wire insulation, plastic housing, circuit boards Brominated flame retardants IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 6
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Hazards associated with the recycling chain Recycling chain Recycling chain Size reduction Metallurgical Final Size reduction Metallurgical Final Disassembly Disassembly Disassembly and separation treatment treatment and separation treatment treatment Hazards Hazards Incineration and Incineration and Removal of hazardous Removal of hazardous Shredding Smelting Shredding Smelting landfilling landfilling components components Hg switches: Hg Hg switches: Hg Formation of dust Formation of dust Emission of metal Emission of metal Hg switches: Hg Formation of dust Emission of metal Batteries: Cd, Pb, Hg Batteries: Cd, Pb, Hg particles particles fumes, mixed fumes, mixed Batteries: Cd, Pb, Hg particles fumes, mixed Emission of metal Emission of metal Emission of metal Gas discharge Gas discharge Gas discharge containing containing chlorinated and chlorinated and containing chlorinated and fumes, PXDD/Fs fumes, PXDD/Fs fumes, PXDD/Fs lamps: Hg lamps: Hg plastics, metals, plastics, metals, brominated brominated lamps: Hg plastics, metals, brominated Leaching of heavy Leaching of heavy Leaching of heavy CRTs: Pb, CRTs: Pb, ceramic and ceramic and dioxins and dioxins and CRTs: Pb, ceramic and dioxins and metals and BFRs metals and BFRs metals and BFRs phosphors phosphors phosphors silica silica furans (PXDD/Fs) furans (PXDD/Fs) silica furans (PXDD/Fs) Risks in the recycling and waste treatment process IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 7 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Hazards associated with recycling Low risk scenario: High risk scenario: Hazardous components Hazardous components are removed are not removed Removal Hg switches Batteries Plastics, etc. Formation of dust containing particles of metals, plastics, ceramic, silica, etc. Special treatment E.g., PCB shredding � dust of Pb, Cd, Sb, Be, Hg, plastics Higher risk of pollution and Lower risk occupational of pollution and exposure occupational Emissions of metals, Cl/Br dioxins & exposure furans Metals � metal fumes (low temp - Cd, Pb) PVC, BFRs in plastics � PXDD/Fs IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 8
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Recent initiatives on treatment of end-of-life products and hazardous chemicals in products Globalizing movement • Many policy initiatives, mainly originating EU EU EU EU from the EU • Fewer and less hazardous substances ROK ROK ROK ROK US US US US used • Improved availability of information on hazardous substances used in products • Regional initiatives have global impact Japan Japan Japan Japan China RoHS China RoHS � Chemical Substances � Chemical Substances China China China China Domestic initiatives in Japan Control Law Control Law � Recycling-related laws � Recycling-related laws � J-moss � J-moss • Revision of the Chemical Substances � Basel Convention � Basel Convention � JAMP � JAMP � Stockholm Convention � Stockholm Convention Control Law � GHS � GHS • Recycling-related laws (e.g. Electronic � G8 3R Initiative � G8 3R Initiative � Etc. � Etc. Home appliances, PCs) International International International International • JAMP (industry response to REACH) • Waste Data Sheet Adapted from： Adapted from： Yoshiaki Ichikawa (Hitachi), “ Eco- conscious design Yoshiaki Ichikawa (Hitachi), “ Eco- conscious design and the 3Rs” , IGES/ K- FACE Global Environmental Seminar and the 3Rs” , IGES/ K- FACE Global Environmental Seminar • Marking and Labelling Economic Globalization and the 3Rs, January 31, 2007 Economic Globalization and the 3Rs, January 31, 2007 • J-moss (Japanese RoHS) IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 9 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Current situation in Japan Collection and recycling of e-waste Products Collection scheme Refrigerators, Washing • EPR system machines, TVs, PCs, Air • Producer responsible for conditioners recycling • Consumers pay recycling fee at disposal Mobile phones Network operators run a joint initiative to collect and recycle Other large household electronics • Some municipalities collect as (Stereos, Microwave ovens etc.) “large waste” on designated days • Sold to recyclers Small electronics (Cameras, • A few pilot projects to collect MP3s etc.) • Often public-private partnerships IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 10
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