Overview of Higher Education in the United States & the History of NYU Ann Marcus, Professor of Higher Education & Director of the Steinhardt Institute for Higher Education Policy
Goal of Colonial Colleges " To develop the whole man --- his body and soul as well as his intellect" "Christian Gentlemen"
Colonial Colleges Founded Institution Primary religious influence 1636 Harvard University Puritan 1693 College of William & Mary Church of England 1701 Yale University Puritan 1746 Princeton University Presbyterian 1749 University of Pennsylvania Church of England 1754 Columbia University Church of England 1764 Brown University Baptist 1766 Rutgers University Dutch Reformed 1769 Dartmouth College Puritan
● 1775-1783 : Revolutionary War ● 1776 : Declaration of 18th Century Independence ● 1789 : Constitution ● 1791 : Bill of Rights
● 1800 : 20 colleges ● 1837 : Cheyney University and Mt. Holyoke founded 19th Century ● 1850 : 250 colleges ● 1852 : Massachusetts passes first compulsory education law in country
● 1861-1865 : Civil War 19th Century ● 1862 : First Morrill Act ● 1874 : Johns Hopkins founded (continued) ● 1890 : Second Morrill Act
● 1900 : ~240,000 students ● 1920 : Women’s right to vote ● 1930 : ~1.1 million students 20th Century ● 1940 : ~1.5 million students ● 1944 : GI Bill ○ 2.2 million veterans participated by 1956
● 1954 : Brown vs. Board of Ed 20th Century ● 1964 : Civil Rights Act ● 1965 : Higher Education Act (continued) ● Community College Movement
Key Characteristics of US System Enrollment today: 14.5 million public; 5.1 million private ● Separation of public and private ● Limited role of federal government: student aid and research ● funding agencies; States are the planning and funding hub Research funding predominantly via peer review with grants to ● individual scientists Institutions stratified by wealth and incomes; same with student ● populations Poor academic preparation for large segments of populations ● NOTE: goal to serve everyone !! ○
Challenges Today Declining federal support for students (last 30 years) ● Declining state support for public universities ● High costs for students both private & public sectors; massive debt ● Political environment at state level ● Declining number of tenure positions (30%) ● Stagnant or declining outcomes for low income and minority ● students Declining college-age population ●
Challenges Today Maintaining excellent academic programs and facilities ● Cost of financial aid ● Creating and maintaining diverse communities ● Globalization ● Access for low-income and minority students ●
Cultural Challenges Sexual harassment issues and procedures ( #MeToo) ● Issues of race; LGBT identity ● Free Speech / Academic freedom ● Mental Health ● Integrating first-generation and marginalized students into ● institutions
New York University
NYU Founding, 1831 ● For children of working men ● Urban ● Acceptance of a wide range of student abilities ● Centrality of professional education
1896 Name changed from University of the City of New York to New York University
● 1965 : Racism ● 1966 : Tuition increase 1960’s ● 1967 : Dow Chemical Protests ● 1968 : Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (continued) ● 1969 : May Lai 4 ● 1970 : Invasion of Cambodia
External Environment for Higher Education ● Creation of City University as vast network with free tuition ○ 1961 forward ○ Additional 4-year and 2-year community colleges ○ The Graduate Center ● Creation of the State University of New York ○ 1948 with massive expansion in 1960’s ○ 64 campuses
Fiscal Crisis, 1970-1974 ● Closing of schools; selling of real estate ● Laying off hundreds of faculty ● Selling Muellers (spaghetti) ● Commitment to one coordinated undergraduate experience
NYU Focus, 1980-present ● Focus on Arts and Sciences ● Creating a residential campus at Washington Square ● Raising standards: student selectivity & research competitiveness ● Creating a national and international student body ● Globalization
NYU Global Network ● Abu Dhabi ● Shanghai ● Study abroad sites: ○ Prague ○ Tel Aviv ○ Ghana ○ London, etc.
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